Changes

The disease is transmitted by carrier pigs or new pigs brought into the herd and is spread by direct contact or aerosol transmission.

The disease is transmitted by carrier pigs or new pigs brought into the herd and is spread by direct contact or aerosol transmission.

==Pathogenesis==

==Pathogenesis==

Different ''Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia'' serotypes secrete a particular combination of toxins; American serotypes secrete ApxI and II; European serotypes secrete ApxII and III. Toxins introduce pores into cell membranes.

Different ''Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia'' serotypes secrete a particular combination of toxins; American serotypes secrete ApxI and II; European serotypes secrete ApxII and III. Toxins introduce pores into cell membranes.

== Clinical signs ==

== Clinical signs ==

In subacute outbreaks, some pigs will be found dead but others in the group may show varying degrees of exercise intolerance and respiratory distress.

In subacute outbreaks, some pigs will be found dead but others in the group may show varying degrees of exercise intolerance and respiratory distress.

== Diagnosis ==

== Diagnosis ==

Samples can be cultured on chocolate agar and diagnosed by immunofluorescent or PCR-based techniques. The bacteria on the [[Tonsils - Anatomy & Physiology#Palatine|palatine tonsil]] may remain undetected by serological tests and swabbing, and can therefore cause an outbreak in naive pigs.

Samples can be cultured on chocolate agar and diagnosed by immunofluorescent or PCR-based techniques. The bacteria on the [[Tonsils - Anatomy & Physiology#Palatine|palatine tonsil]] may remain undetected by serological tests and swabbing, and can therefore cause an outbreak in naive pigs.

== Treatment and Control ==

== Treatment and Control ==

Isolation on farms using all in all out systems will also dramatically reduce signs of infection, although not prevent it. Hygiene should be improved by improving ventilation and avoiding chilling and overcrowding.

Isolation on farms using all in all out systems will also dramatically reduce signs of infection, although not prevent it. Hygiene should be improved by improving ventilation and avoiding chilling and overcrowding.

== References ==

== References ==

 

[[Category:Actinobacillus_species]] [[Category:Pig_Bacteria]] [[Category:Respiratory_Bacterial_Infections]] [[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Pig]] [[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]]

[[Category:Actinobacillus_species]] [[Category:Pig_Bacteria]] [[Category:Respiratory_Bacterial_Infections]] [[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Pig]] [[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]]