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Also Known As: – '''''Canker''''' – '''''Frounce''''' – '''''Roup''''' – '''''Tetratrichomiasis''''' - '''''Trichomoniasis'''''
Also Known As: '''''Canker – Frounce – Roup – Tetratrichomiasis — Trichomoniasis'''''
Caused by – ''[[Trichomonas gallinae]]''
Caused by: ''[[Trichomonas gallinae]]''
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
Avian trichomoniasis is primarily an '''upper gastrointestinal''' disease of '''birds''' caused by the flagellate [[Protozoa | protozoal]] pathogen ''[[Trichomonas gallinae]]''.
[[File:Trichomonas.JPG|thumb|200px|right|''Trichomonas'' species with its anterior flagellae and undulating membrane]]
Avian trichomoniasis is primarily an '''upper gastrointestinal''' disease of '''birds''' caused by the flagellate [[Protozoa| protozoal]] pathogen ''[[Trichomonas gallinae]]''.
'''Columbiforms''' (pigeons and doves) are the primary hosts.
'''Columbiforms''' (pigeons and doves) are the primary hosts.
Residing primarily in the [[Crop - Anatomy and Physiology | crop]], the parasite is passed from infected '''parents to offspring''' during “pigeon milk” feeding early in life. Adult columbiforms also transmit the protozoan during courtship displays. Infection can then persist for considerable time. Only '''young''' birds usually show signs of disease.
Residing primarily in the [[Crop - Anatomy and Physiology | crop]], the parasite is passed from infected '''parents to offspring''' during “pigeon milk” feeding early in life. Adult columbiforms also transmit the protozoan during courtship displays. Infection can then persist for considerable time. Only '''young''' birds usually show signs of disease.
Domestic chicken and turkey infections are solely acquired from drinking '''water contaminated''' by wild birds, usually feral pigeons.
Domestic chicken and turkey infections are solely acquired from drinking '''water contaminated''' by wild birds, usually feral pigeons. There is no vertical transmission from parent to offspring.
There is no vertical transmission from parent to offspring.
'''Birds of prey''' can also acquire the disease by ingestion of infected birds.
'''Birds of prey''' can also acquire the disease by ingestion of infected birds.
==Distribution==
==Distribution==
Trichomoniasis is present worldwide and is a significant cause of economic loss in pigeons and turkeys.
Trichomoniasis is present worldwide and is a significant cause of economic loss in pigeons and turkeys. ''T. gallinae'' can survive a wide range of environmental conditions.
T gallinae can survive a wide range of environmental conditions.
==Signs==
==Clinical Signs==
Presence of the parasite in the [[Crop - Anatomy and Physiology | crop]], oesophagus, mouth, throat and sinuses causes '''yellow lesions/masses''' that grow in size and become obstructive.
Presence of the parasite in the [[Crop - Anatomy and Physiology |crop]], oesophagus, mouth, throat and sinuses causes '''yellow lesions/masses''' that grow in size and become obstructive.
Birds may not be able to close their mouths, causing '''dyspnoea''', '''dysphagia''' and fluid accumulation within the oral cavity.
Birds may not be able to close their mouths, causing '''dyspnoea''', '''dysphagia''' and fluid accumulation within the oral cavity.
Weight loss, ocular discharge, ataxia and blindness are also commonly reported.
Weight loss, ocular discharge, ataxia and blindness are also commonly reported.
==Pathology==
==Pathology==
'''Caseous lesions/masses''' are commonly present within the the mouth, oesophagus, crop and glandular stomach.
'''Caseous lesions/masses''' are commonly present within the mouth, oesophagus, crop and glandular stomach.
The most frequently affected visceral organ is the '''[[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology | liver]]''', which can then occasionally cause distribution throughout the abdominal cavity.
The most frequently affected visceral organ is the '''[[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology | liver]]''', which can then occasionally cause distribution throughout the abdominal cavity.
==Control==
==Control==
Prevention of '''wild birds access''' to water sources, good sanitation protocols and quarantine of new birds are paramount to control of this disease.
Prevention of '''wild birds' access''' to water sources, good sanitation protocols and quarantine of new birds are paramount to control of this disease.
Relevant links: [[Trichomonosis - Cattle | Bovine Trichomonosis]]
==References==
==References==
Animal Health and Production Compendium. (2011) '''Trichomonas gallinae datasheet''' accessed online 03/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
Animal Health and Production Compendium. (2011) '''''Trichomonas gallinae'' datasheet''' accessed online 03/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
BonDurant, R.H., Honigberg, B.M., 1994. '''Trichomonads of veterinary importance.''' In: Kreier, J.P. (Ed.), Parasitic Protozoa, 2nd ed. vol. 9. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 168–177.
BonDurant, R.H., Honigberg, B.M., 1994. '''Trichomonads of veterinary importance.''' In: Kreier, J.P. (Ed.), ''Parasitic Protozoa'', 2nd ed. vol. 9. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 168–177.
Frank K. (2004). '''Canker''' [online] Available at: http://www.albertaclassic.com/trichomonas/trichomonas.php. [Accessed 12 May 2011]
Frank K. (2004). '''Canker''' [online] Available at: http://www.albertaclassic.com/trichomonas/trichomonas.php. [Accessed 12 May 2011]
Franssen, F. F. J., Lumeij, J. T.(1992)'''In vitro nitroimidazole resistance of Trichomonas gallinae and successful therapy with an increased dosage of ronidazole in racing pigeons (Columba livia domestica)'''. J Vet Pharm Therap, 15(4):409-415; 20.
Franssen, F. F. J., Lumeij, J. T.(1992) '''In vitro nitroimidazole resistance of ''Trichomonas gallinae'' and successful therapy with an increased dosage of ronidazole in racing pigeons (''Columba livia domestica'')'''. ''J Vet Pharm Therap'', 15(4):409-415; 20.
Levine N. D (1973) '''The Trichomonads''' Levine ND, ed. '''Protozoan Parasites of Domestic Animals and of Man'''. ''Burgess Publishing Company.'' Minnesota, USA , 88-110.
Samour J. H., Bailey, T. A., Cooper, J. E. (1995) '''Trichomoniasis in birds of prey (Order falconiformes) in Bahrain'''. ''Vet Record'', 136(14):358-362.
[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]
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[[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Birds]]
[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]