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|kingdom = Protista
|kingdom = Protista
|sub-kingdom =
|sub-kingdom =
|phylum = Protozoa
|phylum = [[Protozoa]]
|super-class =
|super-class =
|class =
|class =
[[Image:Triatoma infestans.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Triatoma infestans'' the Kissing bug - WHO Wikimedia Commons]]
[[Image:Triatoma infestans.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Triatoma infestans'' the Kissing bug - WHO Wikimedia Commons]]
[[Image:Chagas endemic zones 2005.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Chagas endemic zones 2005 - Wikimedia Commons]]
[[Image:Chagas endemic zones 2005.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Chagas endemic zones 2005 - Wikimedia Commons]]
==Introduction==
Trypanosomes are '''elongated unicellular [[Protozoa |protozoal]]''' organisms with an undulating membrane and anterior flagellum.
==Lifecycle==
==Lifecycle==
The trypanosomes are transmitted by '''haematophagous insect''' vectors including the '''[[Glossinidae | tsetse fly]]''' and '''triatomid''' kissing bug.
The trypanosomes are transmitted by '''haematophagous insect''' vectors including the '''[[Glossinidae |tsetse fly]]''' and '''triatomid''' kissing bug.
===Stercorarian===
===Stercorarian===
Stercorarian trypanosomes develop in the '''posterior gut''' of the insect and infective '''metatrypanosomes''' are excreted in the '''faeces''' of the insect onto the '''skin''' of the host.
Stercorarian trypanosomes develop in the '''posterior gut''' of the insect and infective '''metatrypanosomes''' are excreted in the '''faeces''' of the insect onto the '''skin''' of the host.
'''''T. cruzi''''', the trypanosome of '''most veterinary importance''', is a typical Stercorarian trypanosome and utilises the '''triatomid “kissing bug”''' as its vector.
'''''T. cruzi''''', the trypanosome of '''most veterinary importance''', is a typical Stercorarian trypanosome and utilises the '''triatomid “kissing bug”''' as its vector.
''T. theileri'' is transmitted by [[Tabanidae | tabanid flies]], [[Stomoxys calcitrans | stable flies]], [[Ticks | ticks]] and [[Culicidae | mosquitoes]]
''T. theileri'' is transmitted by [[Tabanidae |tabanid flies]], [[Stomoxys calcitrans |stable flies]], [[Ticks |ticks]] and [[Culicidae |mosquitoes]].
===Salivarian===
===Salivarian===
Salivarian trypanosomes develop in the '''anterior gut''' of their vector, the '''[[Glossinidae | Tsetse fly]]'''.
Salivarian trypanosomes develop in the '''anterior gut''' of their vector, the '''[[Glossinidae |Tsetse fly]]'''.
Development occurs in the '''proboscis''' and midgut, forming '''epimastigotes''' which then invade the '''hypopharynx''' and develop into '''trypomastigotes''' and then '''infective metatrypanosomes''' form.
Development occurs in the '''proboscis''' and midgut, forming '''epimastigotes''' which then invade the '''hypopharynx''' and develop into '''trypomastigotes''' and then '''infective metatrypanosomes''' form.
Trypanosomes '''deplete''' carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and micronutrients from their hosts.
Trypanosomes '''deplete''' carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and micronutrients from their hosts.
They cause '''haemolytic [[Anaemia | anaemia]]''' when present within the bloodstream.
They cause '''haemolytic [[Anaemia |anaemia]]''' when present within the bloodstream.
==Diseases==
==Diseases==
[[Trypanosomosis]] affects the lymphoid and haeatopoeitic systems of a wide range of hosts.
[[Trypanosomosis]] affects the lymphoid and haematopoeitic systems of a wide range of hosts.
===Salivarian Species===
===Salivarian Species===
''T. brucei'' affects '''all domestic mammals''', including small and farm species, and humans. It also causes a specific [[Protozoal Skin Infections - Donkey|skin disease in donkeys]].
''T. brucei'' affects '''all domestic mammals''', including small and farm species, and humans. It also causes a specific [[Protozoal Skin Infections - Donkey|skin disease in donkeys]].
A similar acute disease is thought to be caused by ''T. cruzi'' in dogs in the USA.
A similar acute disease is thought to be caused by ''T. cruzi'' in dogs in the USA.
''T. melophagum'' and ''T. Theileri'' are '''non-pathogenic''' species present in the '''UK''' infecting cattle, buffalo and antelope. Stress and concurrent disease are thought to be contributors to the development of clinical disease from ''T. theileri''.
''T. melophagum'' and ''T. theileri'' are '''non-pathogenic''' species present in the '''UK''' infecting cattle, buffalo and antelope. Stress and concurrent disease are thought to be contributors to the development of clinical disease from ''T. theileri''.
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Protozoa_Flashcards#Tropical_Protozoa|Tropical Protozoa Flashcards]]
}}
==References==
==References==
Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Trypanosomiasis datasheet''', accessed 06/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Trypanosomiasis datasheet''', accessed 06/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
{{review}}
[[Category:Tropical Protozoa]]
[[Category:Tropical Protozoa]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_CABI review]]
[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]