Changes

Also Known As — '''''Infectious coryza''''' — '''''Infectious Bronchitis''''' — '''''Infectious Proventriculitis''''' — '''''Avian Infectious Nephrosis''''' — '''''Avian Infectious Nephrosis'''''

Also Known As: '''''Infectious Coryza''''' — '''''Infectious Bronchitis''''' — '''''Infectious Proventriculitis''''' — '''''Avian Infectious Nephrosis'''''

Caused By — ''Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus'' — ''AIBV'' — ''ICTV'' — ''IBV'' — ''AIB'' — ''IB''

Caused By: '''''Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus'' '''also know as:''' ''AIBV'' — ''ICTV'' — ''IBV'' — ''AIB'' — ''IB'''''

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

Avian Infectious Bronchitis is a '''highly contagious''' viral disease primarily of the '''[[Respiratory System | respiratory system]]''' of birds, caused by a '''[[Coronaviridae | coronavirus]]'''.

Avian Infectious Bronchitis is a '''highly contagious''' viral disease primarily of the '''[[:Category:Avian Respiratory System - Anatomy & Physiology|respiratory system]]''' of birds, caused by a '''[[Coronaviridae | coronavirus]]'''.

The virus can also cause damage to the '''[[Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology | kidneys]]''' and '''[[Oviduct - Anatomy & Physiology | oviducts]]'''.

The virus can also cause damage to the '''[[Exotic Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology#Avian|kidneys]]''' and '''[[Avian Female Reproductive System|oviducts]]'''.

IBV is transmitted mainly by '''aerosols''' and also by contaminated people/vehicles/equipment.

IBV is transmitted mainly by '''aerosols''' and also by contaminated people/vehicles/equipment.

It can become '''latent''' in a bird and recrudesce with '''stress''', e.g. at point of lay.

It can become '''latent''' in a bird and recrudesce with '''stress''', e.g. at point of lay.

This disease is notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health [http://www.oie.int/ {OIE)]

This disease is notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health [http://www.oie.int/ (OIE)].

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

'''Reduced weight gain''' or '''egg production''' and reluctance to move is often the first indicator of disease.

'''Reduced weight gain''' or '''egg production''' and reluctance to move is often the first indicator of disease.

'''Mortality''' often occurs due to secondary infection, particularly due to ''E. coli'' and ''Mycoplasma'' infections. Mortality is highest in intensively reared broiler flocks.

'''Mortality''' often occurs due to secondary infection, particularly due to [[Escherichia coli|''E. coli'']] and [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma'']] infections. Mortality is highest in intensively reared broiler flocks.

'''Sneezing, Coughing, Dyspnoea''', Ingesta present in respiratory passages, Nasal discharge, Abnormal lung sounds on auscultation

:'''Sneezing, Coughing, Dyspnoea''', Ingesta present in respiratory passages, Nasal discharge, Abnormal lung sounds on auscultation

'''Diarrhoea, dehydration''', polydipsia

:'''Diarrhoea, dehydration''', polydipsia

 

:Reluctance to move

Reluctance to move

:Swelling of the head and face

 

:Conjunctival congestion and increased lacrimation or ocular discharge

Swelling of the head and face

:'''Soft egg shells''', thin albumin and watery yolks

 

:Neurological signs

Conjunctival congestion and increased lacrimation or ocular discharge

 

'''Soft egg shells''', thin albumin and watery yolks

 

Neurological signs

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

If more than one week after initial infection, caecal tonsils or cloacal swabs are more reliable.

If more than one week after initial infection, caecal tonsils or cloacal swabs are more reliable.

'''RT-PCR''' can be performed on buccal or oropharyngeal swabs but will not differentiate live from dead virus isolate

'''RT-PCR''' can be performed on buccal or oropharyngeal swabs but will not differentiate live from dead virus isolate.

'''Agar Gel Precipitation''' and '''Immunofluorescent Antibody''' (IFAT) tests can also be used to detect virus.

'''Agar Gel Precipitation''' and '''Immunofluorescent Antibody''' (IFAT) tests can also be used to detect the virus.

On '''post-mortem examination''', '''yellow catarrhal or caseous exudates''' are present in the trachea, nasal passages, sinuses and air sacs.

On '''post-mortem examination''', '''yellow catarrhal or caseous exudates''' are present in the trachea, nasal passages, sinuses and air sacs.

On histopathology of the trachea, loss of cilia and sloughing with '''[[Heterophils | heterophilic infiltration]]''' is evident.  

On histopathology of the trachea, loss of cilia and sloughing with '''[[Heterophils |heterophilic infiltration]]''' is evident.  

The kidneys are '''pale and swollen''' and tubules distended with '''urates''' if nephritis is also present. Heterophilic inflammation and degeneration may be evident.  

The kidneys are '''pale and swollen''' and tubules distended with '''urates''' if nephritis is also present. Heterophilic inflammation and degeneration may be evident.  

Detection of '''viral antibodies''' is also valuable in surveillance, monitoring of vaccination and identification of latently infected birds. This can be performed using '''Agar Gel Immunodiffusion''' (AGID) , [[ELISA testing | ELISA]], Virus Neutralisation (VN) and Haemagglutination-Inhibition (HI).

Detection of '''viral antibodies''' is also valuable in surveillance, monitoring of vaccination and identification of latently infected birds. This can be performed using [[Immunodiffusion|'''Agar Gel Immunodiffusion''' (AGID)]] , [[ELISA testing |ELISA]], Virus Neutralisation (VN) and [[Agglutination|Haemagglutination-Inhibition (HI)]].

RT-PCR, VN and HI can also be used to type IBV isolates.

RT-PCR, VN and HI can also be used to type IBV isolates.

'''Live and Killed IBV vaccines''' are available and widely used but cross-protection is poor and numerous serotypes exist so disease is not always prevented. Vaccinations can be administered as intra-muscular injections or sprays. Killed vaccines used alone do not induce immunity and therefore live vaccines are required to prime immunity first.

'''Live and Killed IBV vaccines''' are available and widely used but cross-protection is poor and numerous serotypes exist so disease is not always prevented. Vaccinations can be administered as intra-muscular injections or sprays. Killed vaccines used alone do not induce immunity and therefore live vaccines are required to prime immunity first.

Good biosecurity and hygiene protocols are imperative to control of this highly contagious disease. Particular efforts should be made with respect to '''ventilation''' and '''air quality'''.

Good '''biosecurity''' and '''hygiene''' protocols are imperative to control of this highly contagious disease. Particular efforts should be made with respect to '''ventilation''' and '''air quality'''.

{{Learning

{{Learning

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Avian Infectious Bronchitis datasheet''', accessed 04/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Avian Infectious Bronchitis datasheet''', accessed 04/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]

[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]