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Also Known As – '''''Inclusion Body Rhinitis – Atrophic Rhinitis – IBR – Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease'''''
Caused By – ''Suid Herpesvirus 2 – SHV-2 – Inclusion Body Rhinitis Virus – Pig Cytomegalovirus – IBRV - PCMV''
==Test yourself with the Infectious Causes of Inflammation Pathology Flashcards==
==Introduction==
[[File:Cytomegalovirus infection.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Cytomegalovirus infection histology - note basophilic nuclear inclusino bodies and peri-nuclear halo. Wikimedia Commons]]
Porcine Cytomegalovirus is a '''[[Herpesviridae | herpesvirus]]''' causing '''Inclusion Body Rhinitis''' in pigs.
PCMV may pose a risk to humans through '''transplanted organs''' and this is currently being researched. It is not currently considered a zoonosis due to its host range being highly restricted ot only the pig.
[[Category:Herpesviridae]][[Category:Pig Viruses]][[Category:To_Do_-_Steph]]
This disease is '''notifiable''' to the World Organisation for Animal Health [http://www.oie.int/ (OIE)]
[[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]][[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Pig]]
==Distribution==
'''Global'''. No country has established freedom from or eradication of disease.
Prevalence of infected herds and infected pigs within a herd is very high albeit with a low incidence of clinical disease.
PCMV can cross the placenta facilitating '''vertical transmission. Horizontal transmission''' between infected pigs is also important.
==Signalment==
Clinical signs are largely restricted to piglets '''under 3 weeks of age'''. They can be infected in utero or as neonates.
==Clinical Signs==
'''Rhinitis – Snuffling, sneezing, coughing, production of purulent/catarrhal discharge, increased lacrimation, conjunctivititis, ocular discharge, epistaxis, dyspnoea.'''
Anorexia, anaemia, lethargy, pyrexia and sudden death.
'''Pneumonia''' may occur.
'''Reproductive failure''' caused by PCMV is characterised by '''abortion, mummified piglets and birth of stillborn''', weak or stunted pigs. Ulcers and erosions may form on the external genitalia. Sows may develop agalactia.
Gastrointestinal and neurological signs can also develop.
In common with all herpesviruses, PCMV can become '''latent and recrudesce with stress.'''
==Diagnosis==
Diagnosis is often based by the observation of mummified or weak litters along with signs of rhinitis and respiratory disease on a unit.
'''Black discolouration around the eyes''' due to conjunctival exudate is also suggestive.
'''Antigen''' can be detected serologically by '''Fluorescent Antibody Test (FAT).'''
'''Antibody''' can be detected by '''Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT).'''
'''PCR''' tests for PCMV have now also been developed and are very sensitive.
On '''post-mortem''', petechiation of the heart, kidneys, intestine, lungs, lymph nodes and meninges is seen in neonatal and foetal pigs. Pulmonary congestion is marked and the bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes are dramatically enlarged. Ventral aspects of lung lobes are often '''discoloured purple'''. The nasal mucosa is congested with a mucoid exudates.
Histologically, large '''basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies are present in the mucosal epithelial cells''' of the turbinates, salivary glands and kidney tissues.
Electron microscopy can also be used for the same purpose.
==Treatment==
Natural outbreaks often resolve without intervention.
==Control==
No vaccine has been developed for PCMV.
'''Reducing stress''' especially when new stock is introduced and minimising the mixing of litters may reduce severity and frequency.
No national control schemes are in place.
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Porcine Cytomegalovirus Flashcards]]
}}
==References==
<references/>
Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Inclusion Body Rhinitis datasheet''', accessed 16/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]