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|sub-order =
|sub-order =
|super-family =
|super-family =
|family = Picornaviridae
|family = [[:Category:Picornaviridae|Picornaviridae]]
|sub-family =
|sub-family =
|genus = Enterovirus
|genus = [[:Category:Enteroviruses|Enterovirus]]
|species = Duck Hepatitis Virus I and III
|species = Duck Hepatitis Virus I and III
}}
}}
Also Known As: '''''Duck Viral Hepatitis''''' — '''''DVH''''' — '''''DH'''''
Caused By: '''''Duck Hepatitis Virus 1 and 3'' — ''DHV-I'' — ''DHV-III''
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
The disease is '''notifiable''' to the World Organisation for Animal Health [http://www.oie.int/ (OIE)]
The disease is '''notifiable''' to the World Organisation for Animal Health [http://www.oie.int/ (OIE)]
==Signalment==
==Signalment==
Ducks are the only species naturally affected.
Ducks are the only species naturally affected.
DHV-I is present worldwide.
DHV-I is present worldwide.
DHV-II has only been reported in Norfolk, England <ref> Asplin, F. D. (1965). Duck hepatitis: vaccination against two serological types. Vet. Rec., 77:1529-1530</ref> and no outbreaks have been recorded since the 1980’s.
DHV-II has only been reported in Norfolk, England <ref> Asplin, F. D. (1965) '''Duck hepatitis: vaccination against two serological types. '''''Vet. Rec.'', 77:1529-1530</ref> and no outbreaks have been recorded since the 1980’s.
DHV-III has only occurred in the USA.
DHV-III has only occurred in the USA.
The '''rat''' acts as a vector for Duck Hepatitis.
The '''rat''' acts as a vector for Duck Hepatitis.
==Clinical Signs==
==Clinical Signs==
'''Sudden deaths, Opisthotonus, Paresis''', Paralysis, Enopthalmos.
'''Sudden deaths, Opisthotonus, Paresis''', Paralysis, Enopthalmos.
Mortality rates are lower in DHV-II infections, reaching only 20%.
Mortality rates are lower in DHV-II infections, reaching only 20%.
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
On post-mortem examination, the '''[[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology| liver]]''' is '''enlarged''', appears '''greenish''' and displays distinct '''ecchymotic haemorrhages'''.
On post-mortem examination, the '''[[Avian Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]''' is '''enlarged''', appears '''greenish''' and displays distinct '''ecchymotic haemorrhages'''.
Splenic and [[Exotic Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology#Avian||kidney]] swelling may also be evident. Cutaneous haemorrhage is often noted.
On histopathology, '''necrosis''' and inflammatory infiltrate are visible within hepatic cells.
On histopathology, '''necrosis''' and inflammatory infiltrate are visible within hepatic cells.
'''Innoculation''' from liver suspensions an be used for confirmation of all DHVs.
'''Innoculation''' from liver suspensions can be used for confirmation of all DHVs.
'''Direct immunofluorescence''' can also confirm presence of DHV-I.
'''Direct [[immunofluorescence]]''' can also confirm presence of DHV-I.
'''Virus Neutralisation (VN)''' serological tests can be used to monitor vaccination response and epidemiology.
'''Virus Neutralisation (VN)''' serological tests can be used to monitor vaccination response and epidemiology.
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
No treatment is effective once infected.
No treatment is effective once infected.
==Control==
==Control==
'''Vaccination''' is only commercially available against '''DHV-I'''. Immunisation involves two or three innoculations. Live, live attenuated and inactivated forms are available.
'''Vaccination''' is only commercially available against '''DHV-I'''. Immunisation involves two or three innoculations. Live, live attenuated and inactivated forms are available.
DHV-I can be prevented by '''strict isolation''' in the first 4-5 weeks of life.
DHV-I can be prevented by '''strict isolation''' in the first 4-5 weeks of life.
The viruses are resistant to inactivation by heat, acid and some disinfectants. Only 5% phenol and formaldehyde are successful in inactivating the viruses.
The viruses are resistant to inactivation by heat, acid and some disinfectants. Only 5% phenol and formaldehyde are successful in inactivating the viruses.
Duck Hepatitis is a '''Class B''' disease listed by the ''Office des International Epizooties'' and thus any ducks '''exported''' require an international veterinary '''certificate''' that they are from a DVH free establishment and are not exhibiting clinical signs of DH. Vaccination status must also be disclosed.
Duck Hepatitis is a '''Class B''' disease listed by the ''Office des International Epizooties'' and thus any ducks '''exported''' require an international veterinary '''certificate''' that they are from a DVH free establishment and are not exhibiting clinical signs of DH. Vaccination status must also be disclosed.
{{Learning
{{Learning
|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A+%28Duck+Hepatitis+Virus%29/ DHV Publications]
|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A+%28Duck+Hepatitis+Virus%29/ DHV Publications]
|flashcards = [[Duck Hepatitis Virus Flashcards]]
|flashcards = [[Duck Hepatitis Virus Flashcards]]
}}
}}
==References==
==References==
[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]
{{review}}
[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]
[[Category:Enteroviruses]]
[[Category:Avian Viruses]]
[[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Birds]]
[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Birds]]