Author, Donkey, Bureaucrats, Administrators
53,803
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
no edit summary
|sub-order =
|sub-order =
|super-family =
|super-family =
|family = Herpesviridae
|family = [[Herpesviridae]]
|sub-family = Alphaherpesvirinae
|sub-family = Alphaherpesvirinae
|genus = Infectious Laryngotracheitis-like Viruses
|genus = Infectious Laryngotracheitis-like Viruses
|species = GHV-1
|species = GHV-1
}}
}}
Also Known As: '''''Infectious Laryngotracheitis''''' — '''''ILT''''' — '''''Avian Infectious Laryngotracheitis''''' — '''''AILT'''''
Caused By: '''''Gallid Herpesvirus I''''' also known as: '''''GHV-1 — Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus — ILTV — LTV'''''
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
Gallid Herpes virus causes '''respiratory disease''' in '''chickens''' and pheasants.
Gallid Herpes virus causes '''respiratory disease''' in '''chickens''' and pheasants.
As with all herpesviruses, GHV-1 can remain '''latent''' in carriers after infection and then be shed intermittently, '''recrudescing with stress'''.
As with all herpesviruses, GHV-1 can remain '''latent''' in carriers after infection and then be shed intermittently, '''recrudescing with stress'''.
==Signalment==
==Signalment==
Only chickens, pheasants and peafowl are naturally infected.
Only chickens, pheasants and peafowl are naturally infected.
==Distribution==
==Distribution==
Transmission is via '''direct contact''' and contaminated people and equipment. Vermin and wild bords and dogs may aid mechanical transmission.
Transmission is via '''direct contact''' and contaminated people and equipment. Vermin and wild birds and dogs may aid mechanical transmission.
==Clinical Signs==
==Clinical Signs==
Respiratory signs – '''Nasal discharge''' which is often '''bloody''', '''Coughing''' which may include blood, '''Sneezing''', Dyspnoea, '''Gasping''', Upper respiratory tract pain, Abnormal lung sounds.
Respiratory signs:
:'''Nasal discharge''' which is often '''bloody'''
:'''Coughing''' which may also include blood
:'''Sneezing''', dyspnoea, '''gasping''', upper respiratory tract pain
:Abnormal lung sounds
Decreased egg production, thin egg shells, lack of growth
Neurological and ophthalmologic signs may develop.
Death may occur rapidly and with '''high mortality''' in peracute and acute disease. In subacute cases, respiratory signs may be present for several days before death but more birds will recover.
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
On '''post-mortem, haemorrhagic tracheitis''' and bloodstained mucus are evident. Pneumonia and sacculitis may also be seen. '''Caseous diptheritic membranes''' may be present on the mucosae of the upper respiratory tract.
On '''post-mortem, haemorrhagic tracheitis''' and bloodstained mucus are evident. Pneumonia and sacculitis may also be seen. '''Caseous diptheritic membranes''' may be present on the mucosae of the upper respiratory tract.
Histopathology reveals loss of cilia, mucosal gland atrophy, intranuclear inclusion bodies and epithelial cell sloughing. Characteristic syncytia develop. A fibrinonecrotic membrane may develop in more chronic disease cases.
Histopathology reveals loss of cilia, mucosal gland atrophy, intranuclear inclusion bodies and epithelial cell sloughing. Characteristic syncytia develop. A fibrinonecrotic membrane may be present in more chronic disease cases.
'''Antigen [[ELISA testing | ELISA]]''' is both straightforward, quick and sensitive.
'''Antigen [[ELISA testing |ELISA]]''' is both straightforward, quick and sensitive.
Immunofluorescent or Immunoperoxidase staining can also be performed and is more rapid but less sensitive.
[[Immunofluorescence|Immunofluorescent]] or Immunoperoxidase staining can also be performed and is more rapid but less sensitive.
Virus isolation can be performed on a variety pf tissues including tracheal swabs or tissue samples.
Virus isolation on a variety of tissues including tracheal swabs or tissue samples may be useful.
Agar Gel Immunodiffusion can detect virus in tracheal samples.
Agar Gel [[Immunodiffusion]] can detect virus in tracheal samples.
Electron microscopy can be used to demonstrate viral particles in tracheal scrapings or exudates but is insensitive.
Electron microscopy can be used to demonstrate viral particles in tracheal scrapings or exudates but is insensitive.
Measuring viral antibody measures infection indirectly as serum anibodies peak around 2 weeks after infection and wane slowly afterwards.
Measuring viral antibody measures infection indirectly as serum antibodies peak around 2 weeks after infection and wane slowly afterwards.
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
Where early diagnosis is made, '''vaccination''' can be administered '''in the face of infection''' to help reduce further morbidity and mortality.
Where early diagnosis is made, [[Vaccines|'''vaccination''']] can be administered '''in the face of infection''' to help reduce further morbidity and mortality.
==Control==
==Control==
ILT can be effectively controlled by '''vaccination'''. Vaccinated and unvaccinated birds should '''not be mixed''' due to the possibility of reversion to virulence. Most are modified live isolates and are administered by '''eye drop'''.
ILT can be effectively controlled by '''vaccination'''. Vaccinated and unvaccinated birds should '''not be mixed''' due to the '''possibility of reversion to virulence'''. Most are modified live isolates and are administered by '''eye drop'''.
Adequate biosecuriy, quarantine and disinfection is also essential.
Adequate biosecurity, quarantine and disinfection is also essential.
Wild birds and vermin should be prevented from accessing poultry and their food/water sources.
Wild birds and vermin should be prevented from accessing poultry and their food/water sources.
{{Learning
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Gallid Herpesvirus 1 Flashcards]]
|flashcards = [[Gallid Herpesvirus 1 Flashcards]]
}}
}}
[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]
[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]
[[Category:Herpesviridae]]
[[Category:Avian Viruses]]
[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Birds]]