Changes

Also Known As – '''''Turkey rhinotracheitis - Avian pneumovirus infection – Swollen head syndrome'''''

Also Known As: '''''Avian Pneumovirus — Swollen Head Syndrome — APV — TRTV'''''

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

Turkey Rhinotracheitis Virus is a '''[[Paramyxoviridae | paramyxovirus]]''' causing '''respiratory disease''' in turkeys and chickens.

Turkey Rhinotracheitis Virus is a '''[[Paramyxoviridae |paramyxovirus]]''' causing '''respiratory disease''' in turkeys and chickens. It is one of the most important [[Viruses |viral]] respiratory diseases of turkeys.

TRV is not zoonotic.

 

TRV is not zoonotic.  

==Distribution==

==Distribution==

Widespread in '''Europe'''.

The virus is widespread in '''Europe'''. It is thought to be present in Asia, Africa, South America and North America too.

Thought to be present in Asia, Africa, South America and North America.

TRTV can replicate in the reproductive and respiratory systems. Its transmission is mainly oral.

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

'''Turkeys''' appear most susceptible to disease although other domestic fowl can be infected.

'''Turkeys''' appear most susceptible to the disease although other domestic fowl can be infected. '''Intensive''' rearing systems with high stocking density are conducive to spread of the disease.

==Clinical Signs==

==Clinical Signs==

Clinical signs usually begin 3 days after infection but are mild initially.

Clinical signs usually begin 3 days after infection but are mild initially. '''Mortality''' is highest in turkey '''poults''' and is usually due to secondary bacterial infection.

Respiratory disease is most common and causes '''tachypnoea, nasal discharge, dyspnoea, sneezing and abnormal breathing'''. Clinical disease is usually accompanied by a '''decrease in egg production''' and reproductive failure. Folded egg membranes and egg peritonitis may develop consequentially.

 

Respiratory disease is most common and causes '''tachypnoea, nasal discharge, dyspnoea, sneezing, abnormal breathing'''.

 

Clinical disease is usually accompanied by a '''decrease in egg production''' and reproductive failure. Folded egg membranes and egg peritonitis may develop consequentially.

'''Torticollis''', reluctance to move, swelling of the head, face and eyes and head shaking are manifestations of more severe cases.

'''Torticollis''', reluctance to move, swelling of the head, face and eyes and head shaking are manifestations of more severe cases.

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

Serological diagnosis can be achieved by '''[[ELISA testing | ELISA]]'''.

Serological diagnosis can be achieved by '''[[ELISA testing |ELISA]]'''. '''[[Immunofluorescence|Indirect immunofluorescence]]''' and '''viral neutralisation''' can be applied to tissue sections.

 

'''Indirect immunofluorescence''' and '''viral neutralisation''' can be applied to tissue sections.

'''Viral isolation''' can be attempted from nasal turbinates, trachea or exudates and is easiest in turkeys.

'''Viral isolation''' can be attempted from nasal turbinates, trachea or exudates and is easiest in turkeys.

Necropsy findings can also be suggestive:

Necropsy findings can also be suggestive:

===Turkeys===

:'''Turkeys''':

On post-mortem, '''clear to greyish exudate''' is present in the nasal turbinates and excess '''mucus''' is present in the trachea. Inflammatory exudates is evident microscopically.

::'''Clear to greyish exudate''' is present in the nasal turbinates and excess '''mucus''' is present in the trachea. Inflammatory exudates is evident microscopically.

::Egg peritonitis is also sometimes found.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

There is '''no treatment''' for the viral infection but '''antibiotics''' administered in drinking water may minimise losses by treating secondary bacterial infection.

There is '''no treatment''' for the viral infection but '''antibiotics''' administered in drinking water may minimise losses by treating secondary bacterial infection.

==Control==

==Control==

'''Vaccines''' are available against Type A and B TRV and are the main form of control in endemic countries. Killed vaccines must be first '''primed''' with a live vaccine to be effective.

'''[[Vaccines]]''' are available against Type A and B TRV and are the main form of control in endemic countries. Killed vaccines must be first '''primed''' with a live vaccine to be effective.

Good '''biosecurity''' should always be practised including particular attention to storage and disposal of carcasses on the unit. Air quality should be monitored and maximised and birds of different ages segregated wherever possible.

Good '''biosecurity''' should always be practised including particular attention to storage and disposal of carcasses on the unit. Air quality should be monitored and maximised and birds of different ages segregated wherever possible.

{{Learning

{{Learning

|flashcards = [[Turkey Rhinotracheitis Virus Flashcards]]

|flashcards = [[Turkey Rhinotracheitis Virus Flashcards]]

}}

}}

==References==

==References==

Animal Health & ProductIon Compendium, '''Turkey Rhinotracheitis Virus''' datasheet, accessed 06/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

Animal Health & ProductIon Compendium, '''Turkey Rhinotracheitis Virus''' datasheet, accessed 06/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]

 

[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Birds]]