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| + | Also known as: '''''Torovirus Infections — Berne Virus — BEV — Breda Virus — BRV — Bovine Torovirus — BoTV — Equine Torovirus — ETV — Prototype Berne Virus — Porcine Torovirus'''''. |
| + | {{Taxobox |
| + | |name = Toroviruses |
| + | |
| + | |kingdom = Virus |
| + | |sub-kingdom = |
| + | |phylum = |
| + | |super-class = |
| + | |class = |
| + | |sub-class = |
| + | |super-order = |
| + | |order = Nidovirales |
| + | |sub-order = |
| + | |super-family = |
| + | |family = [[:Category:Coronaviridae|Coronaviridae]] |
| + | |sub-family = |
| + | |genus = Torovirus |
| + | |species = Toroviruses |
| + | }} |
| + | ==Introduction== |
| + | [[File:Torovirus.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Electron Micrograph of Torovirus particles]] |
| + | Toroviruses are relatively new viruses belonging to the family [[:Category:Coronaviridae|Coronaviridae]]. They are enveloped positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses that are pleomorphic, 120-140 nm in diameter and are relatively stable in acid or alkaline environment between pH 2.5-10. Toroviruses have been isolated from horses (Equine torovirus, ETV, prototype Berne virus) and calves with diarrhoea (bovine torovirus, BoTV, prototype Breda virus). |
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| + | ==Signalment== |
| + | Hosts include cattle, zebu, goats, horses, sheep, pigs, lagomorphs, rodents, domestic cats and humans. |
| + | |
| + | ==Clinical Signs== |
| + | The disease causes diarrhoea, pyrexia, dehydration, lethargy and depression in all ages of cattle. In calves it causes anorexia, mucoid faeces and the following neurological signs; generalised weakness, paralysis, inability to stand, trembling and sudden death. It can also cause respiratory problems such as laryngitis, tracheitis and pneumonia. Young, colostrum-deprived calves are particularly at risk. |
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| + | In cats, diarrhoea and protruding nictitating membranes have been associated with feline torovirus infections. |
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| + | Pigs can shed the torovirus without showing any symptoms of disease <ref name=" Kroneman et al., 1998">Kroneman, A., Cornelissen, L.A.H.M., Horzinek, M.C., Groot, R.J.de., Egberink, H.F., (1998) '''Identification and characterization of a porcine torovirus'''. ''Journal of Virology'', 72(5):3507-3511; 35 ref.</ref>. |
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| + | ==Epidemiology== |
| + | Toroviruses are found in many species but little is known about the transmission or interspecies transmission of the virus. It is presumed that they are spread via the faecal-oral route and through subclinical or chronically infected cattle <ref name=" Koopmans and Horzinek, 1994"> Koopmans, M., Horzinek, M.C., (1994) '''Toroviruses of animals and humans: a review'''. ''Advances in Virus Research'', 43:233-273; many ref. </ref>. |
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| + | The Berne virus (BEV) has been found in horses; whereas the Breda virus (BRV) is found in cattle of which there are two serotypes; BRV 1 and 2. Breda virus in cattle can be detected in the dome epithelium and enterocytes of the intestines and differentiate within the epithelial cells of the villi; interrupting the animal's absorptive capacity, although not as dramatically as the [[Rotaviruses|rotavirus]]. |
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| + | ==Distribution== |
| + | '''Worldwide''' in cattle and horses. |
| + | |
| + | ==Diagnosis== |
| + | Diagnostic methods include a combination of electron microscopy, immuno-electron microscopy (IEM), [[Agglutination|haemagglutination]] inhibition or [[ELISA testing|ELISA]]. Toroviruses can be differentiated from coronaviruses by using IEM <ref name="Woode, 1987">Woode, G.N., (1987). '''Breda and Breda-like viruses: diagnosis, pathology and epidemiology. Novel diarrhoea viruses'''., 175-191; ''Ciba Foundation Symposium 128''; 23 ref.</ref>. |
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| + | Villus fusion and atrophy and thinning of intestinal wall can be seen on post-mortem. |
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| + | ==Treatment== |
| + | There is no specific treatment. Animals can be supported with fluids to prevent dehydration as a result of the episodes of diarrhoea. Secondary bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics. Culture and sensitivity is recommended. |
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| + | ==Control== |
| + | Isolation of infected animals and good hygiene and sanitary measures may help reduce the spread of the disease. |
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| + | {{Learning |
| + | |flashcards = [[Toroviruses Flashcards]] |
| + | }} |
| + | |
| + | ==References== |
| + | <references/> |
| + | {{CABI source |
| + | |datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=61308&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 toroviruses] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=61309&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 torovirus infections] |
| + | |date = 19 June 2011 |
| + | }} |
| + | <br><br><br> |
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| + | {{review}} |
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| + | ==Webinars== |
| + | <rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/infection-control-and-biosecurity/webinars/feed</rss> |
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| + | [[Category:Coronaviridae]] |
| + | [[Category:Horse Viruses]] |
| + | [[Category:Cattle Viruses]] |
| + | [[Category:Pig Viruses]] |
| + | [[Category:Cat Viruses]] |
| + | [[Category:Intestinal Diseases - Cattle]] |
| + | [[Category:Small Intestinal Diseases - Horse]] |
| + | [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Cattle]] |
| + | [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Horse]] |
| + | [[Category:CABI Expert Review]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]] |
| + | [[Category:Nick L]] |