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|species = ''M.synoviae''
|species = ''M.synoviae''
}}
}}
Also Known As: '''''Infectious Synovitis''''' — '''''Avian Mycoplasmosis''''' — '''''Infectious Sinusitis''''' — '''''Mycoplasma Arthritis'''''
Also Known As — '''''Infectious synovitis''''' — '''''Avian mycoplasmosis''''' — '''''Infectious sinusitis''''' — '''''Mycoplasma arthritis'''''
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
''M. synoviae'' causes '''[[Bacteria | bacterial]]''' disease affecting the '''joints, bones''' and '''respiratory''' system of '''birds'''.
''M. synoviae'' causes '''[[Bacteria |bacterial]]''' disease affecting the '''joints, bones''' and [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology|'''respiratory''' system of '''birds''']]. It is one of the [[Mycoplasmas |mycoplasma]] genus of bacteria.
It is one of the [[Mycoplasmas | mycoplasma]] genus’ of bacteria.
It is closely related to [[Mycoplasma gallisepticum | ''M. Gallisepticum'']] which causes chronic respiratory disease in poultry.
It is closely related to [[Mycoplasma gallisepticum |''M. gallisepticum'']] which causes chronic respiratory disease in poultry.
''M. synoviae'' is endemic in parts of Europe and causes significant production losses particularly in '''egg production'''.
''M. synoviae'' is endemic in parts of Europe and causes significant production losses particularly in '''egg production'''.
Mycoplasma can be '''transmitted''' to progeny through '''eggs''' and through '''direct and indirect contact''' between birds.
Mycoplasma can be '''transmitted''' to progeny through '''eggs''' and through '''direct and indirect contact''' between birds.
==Signalment==
==Signalment==
The bacterium affects mainly '''chickens''' and turkeys, with chickens being the most susceptible. It can also affect game and wild birds.
==Clinical Signs==
==Clinical Signs==
Most birds exhibit '''lameness, abnormal curvature''' of the limbs, deviation of the limbs and feet and a stiff gait.
Most birds exhibit '''lameness, abnormal curvature''' of the limbs, deviation of the limbs and feet and a stiff gait. '''Dehydration and decreased production''' usually manifest and birds are reluctant to move.
'''Dehydration and decreased production''' usually manifest and birds are reluctant to move.
'''Tachypnoea, sneezing, purulent nasal discharge''' and open mouth breathing are common but non-specific.
'''Tachypnoea, sneezing, purulent nasal discharge''' and open mouth breathing are common but non-specific.
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
Clinical '''signs''' and '''necropsy''' findings are suggestive but not pathognomic so laboratory diagnosis is necessary.
Clinical '''signs''' and '''necropsy''' findings are suggestive but not pathognomonic so laboratory diagnosis is necessary.
On '''post-mortem, air sacculitis and arthritis''' with a '''caseous exudate''' are evident.
On '''post-mortem, air sacculitis and arthritis''' with a '''caseous exudate''' are evident.
Bacteria can be '''isolated''' and '''cultured from wet swabs''' of the trachea, oropharynx, eye, nose or cloaca in live birds.
Bacteria can be '''isolated''' and '''cultured from wet swabs''' of the trachea, oropharynx, eye, nose or cloaca in live birds. If sampling a dead bird, '''sterile''' samples of '''synovial fluid''' and air sac samples should be taken.
If sampling a dead bird, '''sterile''' samples of '''synovial fluid''' and air sac samples should be taken.
''M. synoviae'' can then be definitively identified by '''[[immunofluorescence]]''' and '''PCR'''.
''M. synoviae'' can then be definitively identified by '''immunofluorescence''' and '''PCR'''.
[[ELISA testing |'''ELISA''']] can be used for serological diagnosis and are excellent for detecting antibodies in egg yolk which is valuable for flock status investigation.
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
''M. synoviae'' is susceptible to '''tilmicosin, tylosin, enrofloxacin''' and '''oxytetacyclines''' in vitro but resistance is increasing in vivo.
''M. synoviae'' is susceptible to '''tilmicosin, tylosin, enrofloxacin''' and '''oxytetacyclines''' in vitro but resistance is increasing in vivo.
Eggs can be '''dipped''' in cold '''chlortetracycline''' antibiotic solution for 15-20 minutes or '''heat treated''' to 46-47⁰ for 11-14 hours prior to incubation.
Eggs can be '''dipped''' in cold '''chlortetracycline''' antibiotic solution for 15-20 minutes or '''heat treated''' to 46-47⁰ for 11-14 hours prior to incubation.
==Control==
==Control==
Control is hampered by the increasing resistance of ''M. synoviae'' to antibiotics.
Control is hampered by the increasing resistance of ''M. synoviae'' to antibiotics.
No vaccine is available and infection is difficult to control due its aerosolic, vertical and contact transmission.
No vaccine is available and infection is difficult to control due its aerosolic, vertical and contact transmission.
{{Learning
{{Learning
|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A+%28Mycoplasma+synoviae%29/ ''M synoviae Publications]
|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A%28%22Mycoplasma+synoviae%22%29 ''Mycoplasma synoviae'' publications]
|flashcards = [[Mycoplasma synoviae Flashcards | ''Mycoplasma synoviae'' Flashcards]]
|flashcards = [[Mycoplasma synoviae Flashcards | ''Mycoplasma synoviae'' Flashcards]]
}}
}}
==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references/>
Animal Health & ProductIon Compendium, '''Mycoplasma synoviae datasheet''', accessed 06/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
Animal Health & ProductIon Compendium, '''''Mycoplasma synoviae'' datasheet''', accessed 06/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
Animal Health & ProductIon Compendium, '''''Mycoplasma synoviae'' infections datasheet''', accessed 06/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
{{review}}
[[Category:Mycoplasmas]]
[[Category:Mycoplasmas]]
[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]
[[Category:Avian Bacteria]]
[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Birds]]
[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]