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|species            = Actinobacillus suis

|species            = Actinobacillus suis

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==Introduction==

==Introduction==

''A.suis'' is a beta-haemolytic Gram-negative bacterium.  Strains of ''A.Suis'' vary due to differences in their lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which is known as the 'O' antigen and is referred to as O1,O2 and O3 and capsules (CPS), called 'K' antigen with variants described as K1, K2 and K3. More than 95% of A. suis clinical isolates are cross-reactive with O1/K1 or O2/K3 antiserum and more severe infection were noted with O2/K2 srain <ref name="Slavic et al., 2000">Slavic, D., DeLay, J., Hayes, M.A., MacInnes, J.I.(2000) '''Comparative pathogenicity of different Actinobacillus suis O/K serotypes'''. ''Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research'', 64(2):81-87.</ref>.  This opportunistic bacteria causes  [[Actinobacillosis - Pig| actinobacillosis in pigs]],  and has been linked to septicaemia, acute haemorrhagic pulmonary infarction and necrotizing pneumonia in horses, airsaculitis in waterfowl, neonatal calf pneumonia and localised infections and polyarthritis in alpacas. [[Actinobacillus equuli| horses]],[[Actinobacillosis - Cattle| cattle]] and can infect [[Actinobacillus suis#signalment| various other species.

''A.suis'' is a beta-haemolytic '''Gram-negative bacterium''.  Strains of ''A.Suis'' vary due to differences in their '''lipopolysaccharides (LPS)''', which is known as the ''''O' antigen''' and is referred to as '''O1,O2''' and '''O3''' and '''capsules (CPS)''', called ''''K' antigen''' with variants described as '''K1, K2''' and '''K3'''. More than 95% of A. suis clinical isolates are cross-reactive with O1/K1 or O2/K3 antiserum and more severe infection were noted with O2/K2 srain <ref name="Slavic et al., 2000">Slavic, D., DeLay, J., Hayes, M.A., MacInnes, J.I.(2000) '''Comparative pathogenicity of different Actinobacillus suis O/K serotypes'''. ''Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research'', 64(2):81-87.</ref>.  This '''opportunistic''' bacteria causes  [[Actinobacillosis - Pig| '''actinobacillosis in pigs''']],  and has been linked to septicaemia, acute haemorrhagic pulmonary infarction and necrotizing pneumonia in horses, airsaculitis in waterfowl, neonatal calf pneumonia and localised infections and polyarthritis in alpacas. [[Actinobacillus equuli| horses]],[[Actinobacillosis - Cattle| cattle]] and can infect [[Actinobacillus suis#signalment| various other species.

''A.suis'' have genes that encode toxins similar to apxI and apxII of [[Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae| ''A. pleuropneumoniae'']], but they are less virulent.  Once an animal is infected with ''A.suis'' it can provide partial cross protection against ''A. pleuropneumoniae''.  

''A.suis'' have genes that encode toxins similar to apxI and apxII of [[Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae| ''A. pleuropneumoniae'']], but they are less virulent.  Once an animal is infected with ''A.suis'' it can provide partial '''cross protection against ''A. pleuropneumoniae'''''.  

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

''A.Suis'' can be found worldwide in the tonsils and upper respiratory tract of both healthy and diseased animals, and isolates are genetically and biochemically similar.  It is believed to be spread via aerososl infection and invasion of the upper respiratory tract.  Wild hosts include anatidae (ducks, geese and swans) and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Coypu] but A.suis can also affect domestic species including pigs,  [[Actinobacillus equuli| horses]], [[Actinobacillosis - Cattle| cattle]], sheep, goats, alpacas, zebu, dogs, and cats.  

''A.Suis'' can be found in the tonsils and upper respiratory tract of both healthy and diseased animals, and isolates are genetically and biochemically similar.  It is believed to be spread via '''aerososl infection''' and '''invasion of the upper respiratory tract'''.  The incidence of the disease is increasing, especially in

 

Wild hosts include anatidae (ducks, geese and swans) and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Coypu] but A.suis can also affect domestic species including pigs,  [[Actinobacillus equuli| horses]], [[Actinobacillosis - Cattle| cattle]], sheep, goats, alpacas, zebu, dogs, and cats.  

   

   

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

''A.Suis''

''A.Suis''is difficult to culture and most of the O1 strains analyzed possess pustulan (1-6,beta-D-glucan)which is a major component of fungal and lichen cell walls. Therefore, many animals have antibodies to this polysaccharide in the absence of exposure to A. suis.  Thses antibodies may provide naive pigs with some level of protection against the O1 strains <ref name="MacInnes and Desrosiers, 1999">MacInnes, J.I., Desrosiers, R.(1999)''' Agents of the "suis-ide diseases" of swine: Actinobacillus suis, Haemophilus parasuis, and Streptococcus suis'''. ''Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research'', 63(2):83-89; 52 ref.</ref>, <ref name="Slavic et al., 2000"/>

 

==Distribution==

==Distribution==

Worldwide

Worldwide