Changes

Also Known As '''''– BPV - Haemadsorbing enteric virus – HADEN'''''

Also Known As: '''''BPV — Haemadsorbing Enteric Virus — HADEN'''''

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

Bovine parvovirus is one of more than 50 species of the '''[[Parvoviridae|parvivirus]] group'''. There are now thought to be three significant species: BPV1, 2 and 3. <ref>Allander, T., Emerson, S. U., Engle, S. E., Purcell, R. H., Bukh, J (2001) A virus discovery method incorporating DNase treatment and its application to the identification of two bovine parvovirus species. Proc National Academy Sci, USA, 98(12):11609-11614</ref> BPVs are best known for causing '''[[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]] in neonatal calves''' and also '''respiratory and reproductive disease''' in adult cattle.

Bovine parvovirus is one of more than 50 species of the '''[[Parvoviridae|parvivirus]] group'''. There are now thought to be three significant species: BPV1, 2 and 3. <ref>Allander, T., Emerson, S. U., Engle, S. E., Purcell, R. H., Bukh, J (2001) '''A virus discovery method incorporating DNase treatment and its application to the identification of two bovine parvovirus species. '''''Proc National Academy Sci, USA,'' 98(12):11609-11614</ref> BPVs are best known for causing '''[[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]] in neonatal calves''' and also '''respiratory and reproductive disease''' in adult cattle.

This virus is very resistant to chemical and physical chellenges. Anaerobic microbial digestion in manure appears to inactivate the virus.

This virus is very resistant to chemical and physical challenges. Anaerobic microbial digestion in manure appears to inactivate the virus.

==Distribution==

==Distribution==

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

Only cattle are naturally infected.

Only cattle are naturally infected. Pigs can develop antibodies after ingestion of BPV but develop no clinical signs.

 

Pigs can develop antibodies after ingestion of BPV but develop no clinical signs.

==Clinical Signs==

==Clinical Signs==

'''Abortion and birth of weak or stillborn calves''' is the manifestation of reproductive BPV. Foetuses in the first trimester are most susceptible.  

'''Abortion and birth of weak or stillborn calves''' is the manifestation of reproductive BPV. Foetuses in the first trimester are most susceptible.  

Cough, dyspnoea and nasal discharge may develop.

Cough, dyspnoea and nasal discharge may develop. Lymphopaenia is common on haematology.

BPV is made worse by '''concurrent GI infections such as [[Coccidiosis - Cattle|coccidiosis]]'''.<ref>Durham, P. J., Johnson, R. H., Parker, R. J. (1997) '''Exacerbation of experimental parvoviral enteritis in calves by coccidia and weaning stress.''''' J Vet Med Sci,'' 59(11):1023-1025</ref>

 

BPV is made worse by '''concurrent GI infections such as coccidiosis'''.<ref>Durham, P. J., Johnson, R. H., Parker, R. J. (1997). Exacerbation of experimental parvoviral enteritis in calves by coccidia and weaning stress. J Vet Med Sci, 59(11):1023-1025</ref>

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

'''Fluorescent Antibody Test (FAT) and PCR''' are commercially available for diagnosis of BPV.

'''[[FAT|Fluorescent Antibody Test (FAT)]] and PCR''' are commercially available for diagnosis of BPV.

 

Foetuses aborted due to BPV infection are '''oedematous''' and have increased pleural and peritoneal fluid. '''Intranuclear inclusion bodies''' are seen in the cells of the small intestine, lymph nodes, liver and cerebellum.

BPV can be '''isolated in cell cultures''', and via [[Agglutination|'''haemagglutination]], [[ELISA testing|ELISA]] and electron microscopy.'''

Virus can be detected in foetal adrenals, lungs, spleen, heart and thymus by '''Immunofluorescence''' (IF).

Foetuses aborted due to BPV infection are '''oedematous''' and have increased pleural and peritoneal fluid. '''Intranuclear inclusion bodies''' are seen in the cells of the small intestine, lymph nodes, liver and cerebellum. Virus can be detected in foetal adrenals, lungs, spleen, heart and thymus by '''[[immunofluorescence]]''' (IF).

On post-mortem of infected calves, '''intestinal villous atrophy and fusion and crypt degeneration''' is visible histologically. There is also lymphoid tissue necrosis associated with the intestinal tract and thymus. Small intestine and caecum appear to be preferential sites for BPV infection and replication.

On post-mortem of infected calves, '''intestinal villous atrophy and fusion and crypt degeneration''' is visible histologically. There is also lymphoid tissue necrosis associated with the intestinal tract and thymus. Small intestine and caecum appear to be preferential sites for BPV infection and replication.

Control can be achieved using organic acid based disinfectants also.

Control can be achieved using organic acid based disinfectants also.

   

   

{{Learning

{{Learning

|flashcards = [[Bovine Parvovirus Flashcards]]

|flashcards = [[Bovine Parvovirus Flashcards]]

}}

}}

==References==

==References==

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Bovine Parvovirus infections''' datasheet, accessed 19/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Bovine Parvovirus infections''' datasheet, accessed 19/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]

 

[[Category:Parvoviridae]][[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Cattle]]

[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]