Changes

3) Local oedematous reactions do '''not''' occur in goats when infective innoculum is given '''subcutaneously''' (Hutcheon, 1889).

3) Local oedematous reactions do '''not''' occur in goats when infective innoculum is given '''subcutaneously''' (Hutcheon, 1889).

==Distribution==

==Distribution==

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The '''environment''' also plays an important role in the appearance, evolution and severity of CCPP. Due to the high sensitivity of mycoplasmas to the external environment, '''close contact is essential''' between infected and naive animals for transmission to take place, and '''overcrowding and confinement''' thus favours their circulation. Stress factors such as malnutrition and long transport can also predispose animals to disease. In Africa where extensive and traditional husbandry is practised, pathogens spread when animals meet at watering points and grazing areas.  

The '''environment''' also plays an important role in the appearance, evolution and severity of CCPP. Due to the high sensitivity of mycoplasmas to the external environment, '''close contact is essential''' between infected and naive animals for transmission to take place, and '''overcrowding and confinement''' thus favours their circulation. Stress factors such as malnutrition and long transport can also predispose animals to disease. In Africa where extensive and traditional husbandry is practised, pathogens spread when animals meet at watering points and grazing areas.  

 

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

CCPP affects only goats, of any breed, sex or age worldwide. Younger animals tend to suffer more severe clinical signs than adults.

CCPP affects only goats, of any breed, sex or age worldwide. Younger animals tend to suffer more severe clinical signs than adults.

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== Pathology ==

== Pathology ==

The gross pathological lesions are localized exclusively to '''lung and pleura''' and are often unilateral. Affected lungs can be totally hepatized, and have a '''port wine colour'''<ref>Thiaucourt, F., Bölske, G (1996) '''Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia and other pulmonary mycoplasmoses of sheep and goats'''. Revue Scientifique et Technique - Office International des épizooties, 15(4):1397-1414; 69</ref>. A lung section shows a fine granular texture with various colours, but usually without any thickening of the interlobular septa.  

The gross pathological lesions are localized exclusively to '''lung and pleura''' and are often unilateral. Affected lungs can be totally hepatized, and have a '''port wine colour'''<ref>Thiaucourt, F., Bölske, G (1996) '''Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia and other pulmonary mycoplasmoses of sheep and goats'''. ''Revue Scientifique et Technique - Office International des épizooties'', 15(4):1397-1414; 69</ref>. A lung section shows a fine granular texture with various colours, but usually without any thickening of the interlobular septa.  

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Abundant '''pleural exudate and pleuritis''' are common. The pleural exudates may have solidified forming a '''gelatinous covering.'''

Abundant '''pleural exudate and pleuritis''' are common. The pleural exudates may have solidified forming a '''gelatinous covering.'''

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In acute cases, the pleural cavity contains an excess of '''straw-coloured fluid''' with fibrin flocculations <ref>Wesonga, H. O., Lindberg, R., Litamoi, J. K., Bölske, G (1998) '''Late lesions of experimental contagious caprine pleuropneumonia caused by Mycoplasma capricolum ssp. capripneumoniae.''' Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B, 45(2):105-114; 22</ref>. In chronic cases there is a '''black discolouration''' of the lung tissue and sequestration of necrotic lung areas.  

In acute cases, the pleural cavity contains an excess of '''straw-coloured fluid''' with fibrin flocculations <ref>Wesonga, H. O., Lindberg, R., Litamoi, J. K., Bölske, G (1998) '''Late lesions of experimental contagious caprine pleuropneumonia caused by ''Mycoplasma capricolum'' ssp. ''capripneumoniae''.''' ''Journal of Veterinary Medicine.'' Series B, 45(2):105-114; 22</ref>. In chronic cases there is a '''black discolouration''' of the lung tissue and sequestration of necrotic lung areas.  

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'''Adhesions''' between the lung and the pleura are very common and often very thick <ref>MacOwan, K. J., Minette, J. E (1977) '''The role of Mycoplasma strain F38 in contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in Kenya.''' Veterinary Record, 101:380-381</ref>

'''Adhesions''' between the lung and the pleura are very common and often very thick <ref>MacOwan, K. J., Minette, J. E (1977) '''The role of Mycoplasma strain F38 in contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in Kenya.''' ''Veterinary Record'', 101:380-381</ref>

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Histological examination of the lung tissues may show acute '''serofibrinous to chronic fibrino-necrotic pleuropneumonia''' with neutrophilic inflammation in the alveoli, bronchioles, interstitial septae and subpleural connective tissue. Intralobular oedema is prominent and local lymphoid hyperplasia common.

Histological examination of the lung tissues may show acute '''serofibrinous to chronic fibrino-necrotic pleuropneumonia''' with neutrophilic inflammation in the alveoli, bronchioles, interstitial septae and subpleural connective tissue. Intralobular oedema is prominent and local lymphoid hyperplasia common.

 

== Diagnosis ==

== Diagnosis ==

'''High mortality and typical early thoracic lesions''' in goats are highly indicative of ''M. capricolum'' subsp. ''capripneumoniae'' infection, but are not diagnostic.

'''High mortality and typical early thoracic lesions''' in goats are highly indicative of ''M. capricolum'' subsp. ''capripneumoniae'' infection, but are not diagnostic.

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A valuable 'in the field' diagnostic procedure is the '''latex agglutination test'''(LAT)<ref>Rurangirwa FR, McGuire TC, Musoke AJ, Kobore A, 1987. Differentiation of F38 Mycoplasmas causing contagious caprine pleuropneumonia with a growth-inhibiting monoclonal antibody. Infection and Immunity, 55:3219-3220</ref>. The long shelf-life of the beads at different temperatures makes it possible to prepare large amounts which can be stored until used. This combined with the rapidity of the test, being run in two minutes, makes it a practical and useful test.

A valuable 'in the field' diagnostic procedure is the '''[[Agglutination|latex agglutination test]]'''(LAT)<ref>Rurangirwa FR, McGuire TC, Musoke AJ, Kobore A (1987) '''Differentiation of F38 Mycoplasmas causing contagious caprine pleuropneumonia with a growth-inhibiting monoclonal antibody.''''' Infection and Immunity'', 55:3219-3220</ref>. The long shelf-life of the beads at different temperatures makes it possible to prepare large amounts which can be stored until used. This combined with the rapidity of the test, being run in two minutes, makes it a practical and useful test.

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Definitive diagnosis can also be made by the isolation of'' M. capricolum ''subsp. ''capripneumoniae'' from clinical samples, usually lung tissue but may be a long and difficult process and requires attentive sampling techniques.

Definitive diagnosis can also be made by the isolation of'' M. capricolum ''subsp. ''capripneumoniae'' from clinical samples, usually lung tissue but may be a long and difficult process and requires attentive sampling techniques.

The growth inhibition (GI) test is the simplest and most specific, but the least sensitive of the tests available.

The growth inhibition (GI) test is the simplest and most specific, but the least sensitive of the tests available.

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The direct and indirect [[Immunofluorescence|fluorescent antibody tests]] are among the most effective, simple and rapid serological methods of identification for most mycoplasmas.<ref>Rosendal, S., Black, F. T (1972) '''Direct and indirect immunofluorescence of unfixed and fixed mycoplasma colonies.''' Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica, 80:615-622</ref>

The direct and indirect [[Immunofluorescence|fluorescent antibody tests]] are among the most effective, simple and rapid serological methods of identification for most mycoplasmas.<ref>Rosendal, S., Black, F. T (1972) '''Direct and indirect immunofluorescence of unfixed and fixed mycoplasma colonies.''' ''Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica'', 80:615-622</ref>

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The complement fixation test (CFT) and the indirect haemagglutination test (IHA) are serological methods of diagnosis, as is the [[ELISA testing|ELISA]]. These have varying degrees of efficacy.

The [[Complement Fixation|complement fixation test (CFT)]] and the indirect haemagglutination test (IHA) are serological methods of diagnosis, as is the [[ELISA testing|ELISA]]. These have varying degrees of efficacy.

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Diagnostic systems based on PCR have now been developed for the rapid detection, identification and differentiation of ''M. capricolum'' subsp. ''capripneumoniae.''

Diagnostic systems based on PCR have now been developed for the rapid detection, identification and differentiation of ''M. capricolum'' subsp. ''capripneumoniae.''

Control measures include '''prevention of mixing and good hygiene'''.  

Control measures include '''prevention of mixing and good hygiene'''.  

Movement restrictions and slaughtering infected animals are recommended for countries that are newly infected.

Movement restrictions and slaughtering infected animals are recommended for countries that are newly infected.

{{Learning

{{Learning

|flashcards = [[Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia Flashcards]]

|flashcards = [[Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia Flashcards]]

}}

}}

== References ==

== References ==

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Wesonga, H. O., Litamoi, J. K., Kagumba, M., Wakhusama, E (1993) '''Relationship between clinical signs and early lesions of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia caused by Mycoplasma strain F38'''. Small Ruminant Research, 10(1):45-54; 15  

Wesonga, H. O., Litamoi, J. K., Kagumba, M., Wakhusama, E (1993) '''Relationship between clinical signs and early lesions of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia caused by Mycoplasma strain F38'''. Small Ruminant Research, 10(1):45-54; 15  

{{review}}

{{review}}

[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Goat]]

[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Goat]]

[[Category:Respiratory Bacterial Infections]]

[[Category:Respiratory Bacterial Infections]]