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Also Known As '''''– DEV - Duck Plague Virus (DPV) – Duck plague'''''

Also Known As: '''''DEV — Duck Plague Virus — DPV — Duck plague'''''

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

[[File:Duck plague victim.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Duck with Duck plague exhibiting haemorrhagic nasal discharge and typical drooped wing appearance. Source: US Geological Survey via Wikimedia Commons]]

[[File:Duck plague victim.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Duck with Duck plague exhibiting haemorrhagic nasal discharge and typical drooped wing appearance. Source: US Geological Survey via Wikimedia Commons]]

Duck viral enteritis is caused by a '''[[Herpesviridae|herpesvirus]]''' which can also infect geese and swans.

Duck viral enteritis is caused by a '''[[Herpesviridae|herpesvirus]]''' which can also infect geese and swans. The disease is '''acute and highly infectious''', causing high morbidity and mortality.

The disease is '''acute and highly infectious''', causing high morbidity and mortality

DVE is not zoonotic.

DVE is not zoonotic, however, it is '''notifiable''' to the World Organisation for Animal Health [http://www.oie.int/ (OIE)].

 

This disease is '''notifiable''' to the World Organisation for Animal Health [http://www.oie.int/ (OIE)]

==Distribution==

==Distribution==

Endemic in Northern America, Europe and Asia.  

Endemic in Northern America, Europe and Asia.  

Transmission is mainly '''horizontal''' via the faecal-oral route or contaminated environments and equipment/personnel.  

Transmission is mainly '''horizontal''' via the faecal-oral route or contaminated environments and equipment/personnel. '''Wild waterfowl''' are often asymptomatic carriers and shedders of DVE.

 

'''Wild waterfowl''' are often asymptomatic carriers and shedders of DVE.

'''Vertical transmission''' also occurs from persistently infected female ducks to their eggs.

'''Vertical transmission''' also occurs from persistently infected female ducks to their eggs.

DVE causes primarily '''greenish [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]]''', which can lead to dehydration, anorexia,  weakness, a typical '''drooped wing appearance''' and neurological signs. '''Haematochezia''' is often a feature. Birds often '''refuse to drink''', further exacerbating the dehydration and its sequelae.

DVE causes primarily '''greenish [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]]''', which can lead to dehydration, anorexia,  weakness, a typical '''drooped wing appearance''' and neurological signs. '''Haematochezia''' is often a feature. Birds often '''refuse to drink''', further exacerbating the dehydration and its sequelae.

'''Diptheroid plaques''' commonly form on the '''eyelids''' and also internally on the mucosae of the [[Respiratory System|respiratory system]] and [[Alimentary System|gastrointestinal system]].

'''Diptheroid plaques''' commonly form on the '''eyelids''' and also internally on the mucosae of the [[Avian Respiratory System - Anatomy & Physiology|respiratory system]] and [[Avian Alimentary System - Anatomy & Physiology|gastrointestinal system]].

Opthalmic signs sometimes present in DVE, including lacrimation, watery ocular discharge and photophobia.

Opthalmic signs sometimes present in DVE, including lacrimation, watery ocular discharge and photophobia.

Repiratory disease often manifests as a '''hoarse chirp''' but is non-specific.

Respiratory disease often manifests as a '''hoarse chirp''' but is non-specific.

These signs are often accompanied by a '''drop in egg production and a ruffled, unkempt appearance.'''

These signs are often accompanied by a '''drop in egg production and a ruffled, unkempt appearance.'''

Diagnosis can usually be made using history of clinical disease and necropsy:

Diagnosis can usually be made using history of clinical disease and necropsy:

On '''post-mortem, petechial haemorrhage in the conjunctivae, mucous membranes, trachea, syrinx and intestine are pathognomonic for DEV.''' This pathology is caused by '''increased vascular permeability'''.<ref name ="Richter">Richter, J. H. M., Horzinek, M. C (1993) '''Duck plague'''. Virus infections of birds.77-90;35</ref> In advanced disease, the same sites may become covered by '''yellow-white necrotic plaques''', sometimes forming pseudomembranes in the cloaca and oesophagus.<ref name="Richter" />

On '''post-mortem, petechial haemorrhage in the conjunctivae, mucous membranes, trachea, syrinx and intestine are pathognomonic for DEV.''' This pathology is caused by '''increased vascular permeability'''.<ref name ="Richter">Richter, J. H. M., Horzinek, M. C (1993) '''Duck plague'''. ''Virus infections of birds''.77-90;35</ref> In advanced disease, the same sites may become covered by '''yellow-white necrotic plaques''', sometimes forming pseudomembranes in the cloaca and oesophagus.<ref name="Richter" />

 

Organs often also demonstrate degenerative and necrotic changes and the gizzard and intestines are commonly '''filled with blood.'''

In young birds, these pathological changes are often associated with the '''[[Regional Lymphoid Tissue - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure|gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)]]'''. Organs often also demonstrate degenerative and necrotic changes and the gizzard and intestines are commonly '''filled with blood.'''  

'''Intranuclear inclusion bodies''' can be detected via electron microscopy.

'''Intranuclear inclusion bodies''' can be detected via electron microscopy.

'''Vaccination''' is the mainstay of control of DVE. Only '''attenuated''' vaccines are efficacious.

'''Vaccination''' is the mainstay of control of DVE. Only '''attenuated''' vaccines are efficacious.

{{Learning

{{Learning

|flashcards = [[ Duck Viral Enteritis Flashcards]]

|flashcards = [[Duck Viral Enteritis Flashcards]]

}}

}}

==References==

==References==

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Duck viral enteritis datasheet''', accessed 20/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Duck viral enteritis datasheet''', accessed 20/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]

 

 

[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Birds]]

[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]