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'''''Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae''''' is a very '''small, gram positive [[Bacteria|bacterial]] pathogen.''' It is round in shape and stores its DNA in a nucleolus and in fibrillar cytoplasmic material.

'''''Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae''''' is a very '''small, gram positive [[Bacteria|bacterial]] pathogen.''' It is round in shape and stores its DNA in a nucleolus and in fibrillar cytoplasmic material.

Culture of ''M. hyopneumoniae'' is difficult and time consuming and requires specialised media. It grows slowly, requires 5-10% carbon dioxide and produces an acid colour shift. Because of the time take, contamination is very common, especially with other [[Mycoplasmas]].

Culture of ''M. hyopneumoniae'' is difficult and time-consuming and requires specialised media. It grows slowly, requires 5-10% carbon dioxide and produces an acid colour shift. Because of the time taken, contamination is very common, especially with other [[Mycoplasmas]].

==Pathogenesis==

==Pathogenesis==

''M. hyopneumoniae'' '''adheres to the cilia of the respiratory tract'''<ref>Zielinski, G. C., Ross, R. F (1993) '''Adherence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae to porcine ciliated respiratory tract cells.''' American J Vet Research, 54(8):1262-1269; 27</ref>, causing '''ciliostasis, clumping and loss.'''<ref>Debey, M. C., Ross, R. F (1994) '''Ciliostasis and loss of cilia induced by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in porcine tracheal organ cultures'''. Infection and Immunity, 62(12):5312-5318; 33</ref> This is followed by '''loss of epithelial cells and goblet cells'''. <ref>Debey, M. C., Jacobson, C. D., Ross, R. F (1992) '''Histochemical and morphologic changes of porcine airway epithelial cells in response to infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae'''. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 53(9):1705-1710; 28</ref> This '''reduces the efficacy of mucociliary clearance and allows the colonisation''' of the secondary pathogens that are usually involved in [[Enzootic Pneumonia - Pigs|Enzootic Pneumonia]].

''M. hyopneumoniae'' '''adheres to the cilia of the respiratory tract'''<ref>Zielinski, G. C., Ross, R. F (1993) '''Adherence of ''Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae'' to porcine ciliated respiratory tract cells.''' ''American J Vet Research'', 54(8):1262-1269; 27</ref>, causing '''ciliostasis, clumping and loss.'''<ref>Debey, M. C., Ross, R. F (1994) '''Ciliostasis and loss of cilia induced by ''Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae'' in porcine tracheal organ cultures'''. ''Infection and Immunity'', 62(12):5312-5318; 33</ref> This is followed by '''loss of epithelial cells and goblet cells'''. <ref>Debey, M. C., Jacobson, C. D., Ross, R. F (1992) '''Histochemical and morphologic changes of porcine airway epithelial cells in response to infection with ''Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae'''''. ''American Journal of Veterinary Research'', 53(9):1705-1710; 28</ref> This '''reduces the efficacy of mucociliary clearance and allows the colonisation''' of the secondary pathogens that are usually involved in [[Enzootic Pneumonia - Pigs|Enzootic Pneumonia]].

''M. hyopneumoniae'' also alters many other aspects of the host’s immune system, including B and T lymphocyte driven immunity, alveolar macrophages and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

''M. hyopneumoniae'' also alters many other aspects of the host’s immune system, including [[B cells|B]] and [[T cells|T lymphocyte]] driven immunity, alveolar [[macrophages]] and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

'''Mononuclear infiltration''' of peribronchiolar and perivascular areas is the basis of pneumonic lesions and often causes the formation of lymphoid nodules when disease is chronic, as it often is.  

'''Mononuclear infiltration''' of peribronchiolar and perivascular areas is the basis of pneumonic lesions and often causes the formation of lymphoid nodules when disease is chronic, as it often is.  

Pathogenicity and severity of disease are stipulated by the presence and interaction of M. hyopneumoniae with other pathogens.

Pathogenicity and severity of disease are stipulated by the presence and interaction of ''M. hyopneumoniae'' with other pathogens.

==Diseases==

==Diseases==

{{Learning

{{Learning

|flashcards = [[Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Flashcards|M hyopneumoniae Flashcards]]

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==References==

==References==

<references/>

<references/>

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae datasheet''', accessed 25/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''''Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae'' datasheet''', accessed 25/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

 

[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]

[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]

[[Category:Mycoplasmas]]

[[Category:Mycoplasmas]]