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| | <FlashCard questions="14"> | | <FlashCard questions="14"> |
| − | |q1=Name the virus that causes avian encephalomyeltits (AE)? | + | |q1=What species of ascarid affect poultry? |
| − | |a1=Avian encephalomyelitis-like virus 1 (AEV). | + | |a1= |
| − | |l1=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Introduction | + | *''A. galli'' |
| − | |q2= Is avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV) an RNA or DNA virus? | + | *''A. dissimilis'' |
| − | |a2= AEV is a single stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus | + | *''A. columbae'' |
| − | |l2=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Introduction | + | |l1=Ascaridia - Poultry#Introduction |
| − | |q3= What genus does AEV belong to? | + | |q2=What part of the GI tract can these ascarids be found in? |
| − | |a3= Hepatovirus | + | |a2= |
| − | |l3=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Introduction | + | The small intestine. |
| − | |q4= What family does the virus belong to? | + | |l2=Ascaridia - Poultry#Introduction |
| − | |a4=Picornaviridae | + | |q3=What effect do these parasites have of poultry? |
| − | |l4=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Introduction | + | |a3= |
| − | |q5= What are the main economic concerns for breeders and layers about AE? | + | *Reproductive disease |
| − | |a5= | + | **Heavy infections, cause partial or total obstruction of the duodenum/jejunum. |
| − | *Temporary decrease in egg production in laying hens | + | |l3=Ascaridia - Poultry#Introduction |
| − | *Decrease in egg hatchability | + | |q4=Do the male or female ''ascaridia'' tend to be bigger? |
| − | *Neurological disease and morbidity /mortality of chicks under three weeks of age
| + | |a4= |
| − | *Surviving chicks are considered unlikely to be profitable
| + | Females are bigger as they range from 72 to 116 mm in length; whereas males only range from 51 to 76 mm in length. |
| − | |l5=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Introduction | + | |l4=Ascaridia - Poultry#Introduction |
| − | |q6= How is AE spread and what is its epidemiology? | + | |q5=What distinguishing properties do males have? |
| | + | |a5= |
| | + | *Pre-anal suckers |
| | + | *Two equal spicules (1-2.4 mm long) |
| | + | |l5=Ascaridia - Poultry#Introduction |
| | + | |q6=Where the females reproductive organs found? |
| | |a6= | | |a6= |
| − | *Horizontally via faecal-oral route (main route of infection)
| + | their reproductive organ opens in the middle of the body. |
| − | *Vertical transmission from infected layer to their chicks
| + | |l6=Ascaridia - Poultry#Introduction |
| − | *The virus replicates in the epithial cells of the alimentary tract and is circulated in the bloodstream to other organs and the central nervous system (CNS). The virus is shed within 3 days of oral ingestion and in young chicks can continue to be shed for over two weeks. Shedding ceases once specific antibody's are produced.
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| − | |l6= Avian Encephalomyelitis#Introduction | |
| − | |q7= What species of birds does AE affect?
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| − | |a7=
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| − | *Chickens (main domestic host)
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| − | *Species of partridge
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| − | *Turkey
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| − | *Quail
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| − | *Guineafowl
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| − | *Pheasants
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| − | |l7= Avian Encephalomyelitis#Signalment
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| − | |q8=What are the clinical signs of AE?
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| − | |a8= AE causes the most serious disease in chicks under 3 weeks of age. The clinical signs for this age group are:
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| − | *neurological signs ranging from ataxia, rapid tremor of the head and neck, drooping of the wings, weakness, paralysis, exercise intolerance to blindness and changes in vocalisation.
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| − | *Weight loss, lameness, and unthriftiness
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| − | *Affected chicks sit on their hocks, and cannot move well and many fall over onto their sides
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| | | | |
| − | Laying hens rarely show clinical signs but the virus causes:
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| − | *Temporary reduction (2 weeks) in egg production
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| − | *Decrease in droppings
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| − | *Decrease in hatching rates
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| − | |l8= Avian Encephalomyelitis#Clinical Signs
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| − | |q9= How can AE be diagnosed?
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| − | |a9=
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| − | The following methods have been used to help diagnose Avian Encephalomyelitis (AE):
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| − | *Virus Neutralization test
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| − | *Agar Gel test
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| − | *Embryo Susceptibility test
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| − | *Elisa test
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| − | All of the above tests indicate exposure to AE but not neccessarily a current infection.
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| − | Diagnosis can be confirmed by either histopathology or by virus isolation.
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| − |
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| − | |l9= Avian Encephalomyelitis#Diagnosis
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| − | |q10=What is the distribution of AE?
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| − | |a10=Worldwide, the disease has been documented in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and North and South America.
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| − | |l10=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Distribution
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| − | |q11=What is the treatment for AE?
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| − | |a11=There is no treatment for chicks infected with avian encephalomyelitis (AE).
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| − | |l11=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Treatment
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| − | |q12=Can chicken and surviving chicks become immune to AEV?
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| − | |a12=Yes, surviving chicks, infected hens and birds that have been vaccinated will be immune to AE for life.
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| − | |l12=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Treatment
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| − | |q13=How many serotypes are there for AEV?
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| − | |a13=There is only one serotype for the AEV.
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| − | |l13=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Control
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| − | |q14=How can AE be controlled?
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| − | |a14=Vaccination of pullets several weeks before they come into lay. There are live and attenuated vaccinations available which can be administered in drinking water or as an eye drop, the latter being more effective.
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| − | |l14=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Control
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| | </FlashCard> | | </FlashCard> |
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