Changes

Also Known As – '''''VS'''''

Also Known As: '''''VS — VSV — Alagoas Virus — Brazil Virus — Cocal Virus — Piry Virus — Chandipura Virus — Isfahan Virus'''''

 

Caused By – ''Vesicular Stomatitis Virus – VSV – Alagoas Virus – Brazil Virus – Cocal Virus – Piry Virus – Chandipura Virus – Isfahan Virus''

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

[[File:VS Horse.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Vesicular Stomatitis oral lesion in a horse]]

[[File:VS Horse.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Vesicular Stomatitis oral lesion in a horse]]

[[File:VS Foot.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Vesicular Stomatitis coronary band lesion]]

[[File:VS Foot.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Vesicular Stomatitis coronary band lesion]]

Vesicular Stomatitis is an '''oral disease''' of '''cattle, horses, pigs and people''',  caused by a [[Rhabdoviridae | rhabdovirus]], of which there are two distinct serotypes: VSV-New Jersey (VS-NJ) and VSV-Indiana (VS-IN). Although antibodies have been found in many species of mammal and bird, no clinical signs appear to develop.

Vesicular Stomatitis is an '''oral disease''' of '''cattle, horses, pigs and people''',  caused by a [[Rhabdoviridae |rhabdovirus]], of which there are two distinct serotypes: VSV-New Jersey (VS-NJ) and VSV-Indiana (VS-IN). Although antibodies have been found in many species of mammal and bird, no clinical signs appear to develop.

The main importance of VS is its '''identical presentation to [[Foot and Mouth Disease]]''', in fact they cannot be clinically differentiated.

The main importance of VS is its '''identical presentation to [[Foot and Mouth Disease]]''', in fact they cannot be clinically differentiated.

VS is '''zoonotic''' and can cause acute flu-like disease in humans.

VS is '''zoonotic''' and can cause acute flu-like disease in humans.

This disease is '''notifiable''' to the World Organisation for Animal Health [http://www.oie.int/ (OIE)]

This disease is '''notifiable''' to the World Organisation for Animal Health [http://www.oie.int/ (OIE)].

==Distribution==

==Distribution==

VS is present exclusively in the Western hemisphere, mainly in the '''Americas''', including parts of the Caribbean and South America.

VS is present exclusively in the Western hemisphere, mainly in the '''Americas''', including parts of the Caribbean and South America. It is transmitted by a range of insect vectors including the [[Musca spp. |house fly]] and [[Ceratopogonidae |''Culicoides'' midge]]. The virus can also be transmitted via '''direct contact''' with lesions, saliva and fomites.

 

VS is transmitted by a range of insect vectors including the [[Musca spp. | house fly]] and [[Ceratopogonidae | Culicoides midge]].

 

The virus can also be transmitted via '''direct contact''' with lesions, saliva and fomites.

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

==Clinical Signs==

==Clinical Signs==

VS is characterised by its appearance – beginning as '''blanched macules''' and developing into  '''vesicular lesions''' on the '''tongue, oral and nasal mucosa, mammary glands, external genitalia and coronary band'''. When the vesicles rupture after 24-48h, '''erosions and excoriations''' remain in the affected mucosa.  

VS is characterised by its appearance – beginning as '''blanched macules''' and developing into  '''vesicular lesions''' on the '''tongue, oral and nasal mucosa, mammary glands, external genitalia and coronary band'''. When the vesicles rupture after 24-48h, '''erosions and excoriations''' remain in the affected mucosa.  

'''Hypersalivation''' often also occurs.  

 

Coronary band lesions cause '''lameness and defective horn growth'''.

'''Hypersalivation''' often also occurs. Coronary band lesions cause '''lameness and defective horn growth'''.

Other clinical manifestations include '''depression, weight loss, low productivity, agalactia and mastitis.''' Animals with genital lesions may be reluctant to breed.

Other clinical manifestations include '''depression, weight loss, low productivity, agalactia and mastitis.''' Animals with genital lesions may be reluctant to breed.

Affected animals are often '''pyrexic, anorexic and dysphagic''' due to reduced food intake and interference of lesions with prehension/pain when eating.

Affected animals are often '''pyrexic, anorexic and dysphagic''' due to reduced food intake and interference of lesions with prehension/pain when eating.

Shedding ceases 6-7 days post-infection <ref> Katz, J. B., Eernisse, K. A., Landgraf, J. G., Schmitt, B. J. (1997) '''Comparative performance of four serodiagnostic procedures for detecting bovine and equine vesicular stomatitis virus antibodies.''' J Vet Diagnostic Investigation, 9(3):329-331; 5</ref> and '''lesions resolve within 14 days.'''

Shedding ceases 6-7 days post-infection <ref> Katz, J. B., Eernisse, K. A., Landgraf, J. G., Schmitt, B. J. (1997) '''Comparative performance of four serodiagnostic procedures for detecting bovine and equine vesicular stomatitis virus antibodies.''' ''J Vet Diagnostic Investigation'', 9(3):329-331; 5</ref> and '''lesions resolve within 14 days.''' Once '''recovered''', animals do not maintain infection or shed the virus.

 

Once '''recovered''', animals do not maintain infection or shed the virus.

Deaths from VS are rare and usually due to secondary complications.

Deaths from VS are rare and usually due to secondary complications.

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

Definitive diagnosis requires laboratory testing.

Definitive diagnosis requires laboratory testing. '''Virus isolation''' can be attempted from nasal/oral swabs, epithelial tags, skin scrapings or biopsies. Only active lesions will contain infective virus particles. PCR is potentially more sensitive but not widely used.

'''Virus isolation''' can be attempted from nasal/oral swabs, epithelial tags, skin scrapings or biopsies. Only active lesions will contain infective virus particles.

PCR is potentially more sensitive but not widely used.

Serlogical tests are routinely used and will also differentiate serotype.

Serological tests are routinely used and will also differentiate serotypes. '''Competitive [[ELISA testing |ELISA (cELISA)]]''' is used as a screening test and '''Serum Neutralisation (SN) and [[Complement Fixation]] (CF)''' are also commonly used to diagnose VS. Tests that detect IgG such as the cELISA and SN may remain positive for up to 3 years after infection. CF is more indicative of '''recent infection''', especially when rising titres are present.

'''Competitive [[ELISA testing | ELISA (cELISA)]]''' is used as a screening test and '''Serum Neutralisation (SN) and Complement Fixation (CF)''' are also commonly used to diagnose VS.

Tests that detect IgG such as the cELISA and SN may remain positive for up to 3 years after infection.

On '''histopathology''', intercellular oedema is present in the Malphigian cell layer and epithelial cell necrosis is evident. The necrotic cells are strongly eosinophilic and nuclei are pyknotic. Basal cells are separated by vesicular fluid. Other non-specific inflammatory changes are usually also present.

 

On '''histopathology''', intercellular oedema is present in the Malphigian cell layer and epithelial cell necrosis is evident. The necrotic cells are strongly eosinophilic and nuclei are pyknotic.  

Basal cells are separated by vesicular fluid.  

Other non-specific inflammatory changes are usually also present.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

Disease is '''self-limiting''' and usually requires no treatment.

The disease is '''self-limiting''' and usually requires no treatment. Secondary bacterial infection can delay healing of lesions and usually respond to antibiotics. Symptomatic care may be indicated in severe cases.

Secondary bacterial infection can delay healing of lesions and usually respond to antibiotics.  

Symptomatic care may be indicated in severe cases.

==Control==

==Control==

Several vaccines are being developed or used experimentally but none are commercially available in the USA.

Several [[vaccines]] are being developed or used experimentally but none are commercially available in the USA.

Appropriate biosecurity, disinfection protocols, temporary isolation of infected animals/groups and limiting exposure to insect vectors may help to reduce the scale of outbreaks.

Appropriate biosecurity, disinfection protocols, temporary isolation of infected animals/groups and limiting exposure to insect vectors may help to reduce the scale of outbreaks.

'''Quarantine''' procedures are in place in many countries when VS is confirmed and these should be adhered to and relevant bodies informed.

'''Quarantine''' procedures are in place in many countries when VS is confirmed and these should be adhered to and relevant bodies informed.

{{Learning

{{Learning

|flashcards = [[Vesicular Stomatitis Flashcards]]

|flashcards = [[Vesicular Stomatitis Flashcards]]

}}

}}

==References==

==References==

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Vesicular Stomatitis virus datasheet''', accessed 06/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Vesicular Stomatitis virus datasheet''', accessed 06/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]

 

[[Category:Rhabdoviridae]]

[[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Cattle]]

[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]