1,454
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
no edit summary
*trauma to the head, and
*trauma to the head, and
*primary malocclusion of the molars.
*primary malocclusion of the molars.
==Clinical Signs==
Signs are similar to those seen with [[Cheek Teeth Malocclusion – Rabbit#Clinical Signs|cheek teeth malocclusion]], including:
*ptyalism and wet fur around the chin
*weight loss
*poor hair coat
*[[Clagged Vent – Rabbit|clagged vent]]
*ileus
*epiphora and dacryocystitis
*visible overgrowth, twisting, splaying or slant of incisors
==Diagnosis==
Clinical signs are suggestive of a dental problem, along with a history of anorexia, weight loss and feeding concentrates.
<br>
The rabbit should be restrained in sternal recumbency by an assistant and the lips retracted to examine the incisors. <br>
Cheek tooth examination should also be performed, as disease processes are usually linked. Sedation is usually a sufficient means of restraint and examination is facilitated by the use of a gag and a cheek pouch dilator.
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
#Saw the excess tooth away.
It must always be remembered that [[Cheek Teeth Malocclusion – Rabbit#Treatment|treatment of the cheek teeth]] is usually also required.<br>
#Extract the incisors, especially if molars are normal.
Incisors can ben trimmed on a regular basis (every 3-4 weeks) or complete extraction can be performed.
===Incisor trimming===
This is best done using a dental drill but good clippers may have to be employed if a drill is not available (this leads to a much higher risk of iatrogenic damage to the teeth).
#The teeth should be cut horizontally at the estimated desired length
#The bur can be used to apply a bevel to the incisal edges and to remove sharp edges
#The drill should be used at full speed with light contact pressure, and it should be kept moving on the tooth at all times to prevent excess heat build-up.
#Care should be taken with the lower incisors, as their pulp may extend above the gumline when erupting quickly. Trans-illumination should reveal a pink triangle, and the tooth should be trimmed 1mm above that. <br>
Trimming incisors can usually be done without sedation in co-operative rabbits.
===Extraction of incisors===
===Extraction of incisors===
Indications for incisor extraction:
Indications for incisor extraction:
*Young animal, who would otherwise need incisor trimming every month for the rest of his life
*Intractable incisor pathology.
*Intractable incisor pathology.
*Brachygnathism/Prognathism
*Brachygnathism/Prognathism
<br>
'''Procedure''' <br>
All 6 incisors (4 main and 2 upper peg teeth) are extracted.
#General anasthesia and analgesia is required
#Radiograph the teeth to assess the extent of dental tissue to be removed and to assess if infection is present at the apex.
#Radiograph the teeth to assess the extent of dental tissue to be removed and to assess if infection is present at the apex.
#Start with the lower jaw.
#Start with the lower jaw.
#Gently cut the subgingival attachment with a #15c scalpel blade.
#Gently cut the subgingival attachment with a #15c scalpel blade.
#Gently cut the periodontal membrane with a 20G hypodermic needle bent to suit the socket (hence the previous radiograph), holding the socket as steady as you can. You’ll use several needles!) Arnolds and Veterinary Instrumentation market a special ligament cutter called the Crossley elevator for this, but it doesn’t suit the curvature of every tooth.
#Gently cut the periodontal membrane with a 20G hypodermic needle bent to suit the socket (hence the previous radiograph), holding the socket steady. Arnolds and Veterinary Instrumentation market a special ligament cutter called the Crossley elevator for this, but it doesn’t suit the curvature of every tooth.
#Keep cutting the ligament until the tooth is visibly and palpably loose. Concentrate on the inside curvature, the lateral and mesial surfaces of the teeth, as these are where the periodontal ligament is strongest. This takes quite a long time and is most difficult on the lingual/caudal aspect of the tooth. I usually work from tooth to tooth and back again, ie. I do not wait for the first tooth to be completely loosened before starting to cut the periodontal membrane of the second.
#Keep cutting the ligament until the tooth is visibly and palpably loose. Concentrate on the inside curvature, the lateral and mesial surfaces of the teeth, as these are where the periodontal ligament is strongest. This takes quite a long time and is most difficult on the lingual/caudal aspect of the tooth. It is a good idea to work from tooth to tooth and back again, loosening several teeth at once.
#TAKE YOUR TIME! Do not attempt to extract the tooth until it is loose enough or you will break the root and there will be problems with infections or regrowth afterwards.
#TAKE YOUR TIME! Do not attempt to extract the tooth until it is loose enough or you will break the root and there will be problems with infections or regrowth afterwards.
#Remove the tooth carefully in the curved direction indicated on the radiograph, or follow your observation of the layout of the socket on clinical examination. Use your fingers – not a forceps. Do NOT twist the tooth in its socket as you would with a dog's or cat's incisors. You must not risk breaking the tooth.
#When adequately loosened, push the extracted incisor back into its socket for about ten seconds to traumatise the deep germinal tissue and prevent regrowth.
#Remove the tooth carefully in the curved direction indicated on the radiograph, or follow your observation of the layout of the socket on clinical examination. Use your fingers – not a forceps. Do NOT twist the tooth in its socket as you would with a dog's or cat's incisors. You must not risk breaking the tooth.
#If you do break the tooth, consider culture and antibiotic sensitivity of the socket. And prepare the client for the fact that the tooth may grow back and the whole procedure will have to be repeated especially as the “new” tooth probably won’t grow in a direction compatible with a comfortable mouth!
#If you do break the tooth, consider culture and antibiotic sensitivity of the socket. And prepare the client for the fact that the tooth may grow back and the whole procedure will have to be repeated especially as the “new” tooth probably won’t grow in a direction compatible with a comfortable mouth!
#Repeat the procedure with the four maxillary incisors. In spite of their insignificant size, take the same care with the peg tooth as you did with the major incisors.
#Repeat the procedure with the four maxillary incisors. In spite of their insignificant size, take the same care with the peg tooth as you did with the major incisors.
#In the event of infection, if you are sure you have removed all the tooth tissue (radiograph to confirm) the socket can be packed with doxycycline (Doxyrobe Gel®; Pharmacia – a lovely product but expensive!).
#In the event of infection, if you are sure you have removed all the tooth tissue (radiograph to confirm) the socket can be packed with doxycycline (Doxyrobe Gel®; Pharmacia – a lovely product but expensive!).
#Postoperative care includes antibiosis and the provision of strips of vegetables and hay as prehension will now be undertaken solely with the lips.
#Postoperative care includes antibiosis and the provision of strips of vegetables and hay as prehension will now be undertaken solely with the lips.
#Supportive nutrition may be offered post-operatively by stomach tube if necessary. This is probably part of your post-anaesthetic procedure any way.
#Supportive nutrition may be offered post-operatively by stomach tube if necessary, following the practice post-anaesthetic protocol.
#Follow up diet should contain fibre as if the incisors were still present except that greens may have to cut in strips. Incisor-less rabbits can cope well with eating.
#Follow-up diet should contain fibre as if the incisors were still present except that greens may have to cut in strips. Incisor-less rabbits can cope well with eating.
<br>
Any teeth may re-grow even when removed entire. It is more likely when the pulp is not extracted with the tooth. If the pulp remains in the socket it is best left and a second extraction procedure performed at a later date.
==Prevention==
==Prevention==
Provision of grass or hay (Timothy) and edible branches (apple and pear twigs). (Trees that bear single-stoned fruits may have unacceptable amounts of cyanide in the bark so don’t offer peach, plum or cherry, for example)
Provision of grass or hay (Timothy) and edible branches (apple and pear twigs) will provide adequate abrasion for the normal wear of incisors and cheek teeth. Supplemental foods should not be necessary and muesli rabbit foods should be avoided. <br>
(Note: Trees that bear single-stoned fruits may have unacceptable amounts of cyanide in the bark so don’t offer peach, plum or cherry, for example)
[[Category:Rabbit Dentition]]
[[Category:Rabbit Dentition]]
[[Category:To Do - Helen]]