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Forage
==Grass== <!----Write below this line--->
<br>
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line--->
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Typically based on ryegrass, but often mixed swards with cocksfoot, fescues, timothy, and legumes (e.g. clover). It is present in rough/hill grazing (often with heather, rushes, mosses), permanent pasture and rotational leys, the latter often high yielding italian or perennial ryegrass monocultures.
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DM (%) ME (MJ/kg DM) CP (g/kg DM)
Grass (young) 15 - 20 11.5 - 12.5 150 - 250
Grass (mature) 25 - 50 9.5 - 10.5 50 - 130
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===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line--->
<br>
Scours, hypomagnesaemic tetany (especially in winter, or in rapidly growing grass (e.g. spring,/early summer, late summer/autumn), bloat (especially as mixed legume swards), pasture-induced laminitis.
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==Silage and Haylage== <!----Write below this line--->
<br>
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line--->
<br>
Silage is a fermented crop with a low dry matter content. It is cut at a relatively early stage of development and stored under anaerobic conditions (clamp or big bale). Haylage is similar to silage but is often cut at a more mature stage and is typically baled. Haylage has a higher pH and DM than silage and can often be of more variable quality. With horses haylage is typically preferred (by owners) to silage.
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DM (%) ME (MJ/kg DM) CP (g/kg DM) pH
Silage 20 – 40
(20-30 clamp)
(30-40 bale) 9.5 - 12 120 - 190 3.8 - 4.8
Haylage 50 - 60 9 - 11.5 75 - 110 4.5 - 5.5
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===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line--->
Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Moulds/mycotoxins. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).
<br><br><br><br>
==Hay== <!----Write below this line--->
<br>
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line--->
<br>
Hay is dried grass, either naturally or artificially (dependent on the weather). It is cut at a relatively late stage of maturity and is typically of variable quality in colour and smell, and nutritive value. There are various types of hay such as ryegrass, meadow, and timothy. <br>
DM (%) ME (MJ/kg DM) CP (g/kg DM)
Hay 80 - 90 7.5 - 10.5 50 - 150
<br><br>
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line--->
<br>
Moulds/mycotoxins.
<br><br><br><br>
==Straw== <!----Write below this line--->
<br>
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line--->
<br>
Straw (usually barley or oat for feed) can be treated with alkali, urea or ammonia. It is commonly used as a roughage source for growing ruminants, and especially animals being reared in cereal beef systems.
<br>
DM (%) ME (MJ/kg DM) CP (g/kg DM)
Straw 86 - 88 6.1 - 7 34 - 38
Straw (ammoniated) 84 - 88 7.4 - 7.8 68 - 75
<br><br>
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line--->
<br>
Moulds/mycotoxin. Impaction within GI tract (especially horses). High intakes of straw (+ grains) are associated with hypomagnesaemic tetany (due to high K levels in grain and straw)
<br><br><br><br>
==Whole-Crop Cereal Silage== <!----Write below this line--->
<br>
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line--->
<br>
Maize whole-crop silage has high energy concentration while having a low protein concentration. It is harvested when grain is in the late dough stage. Barley, oats, wheat, and triticale are also used for whole-crop cereal silage either as monocultures or mixed with legumes (e.g. peas) to improve protein content. They are also high in energy while low in protein. Whole-crop cereal silages are fed as sole forage or mixed with grass silage.
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DM (%) ME (MJ/kg DM) CP (g/kg DM)
Maize whole-crop silage 22 - 35 10.5 - 12 65 - 110
Barley whole-crop silage 30 - 40 9 - 11 80 - 110
<br><br>
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line--->
<br>
Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).
<br>
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line--->
<br>
Typically based on ryegrass, but often mixed swards with cocksfoot, fescues, timothy, and legumes (e.g. clover). It is present in rough/hill grazing (often with heather, rushes, mosses), permanent pasture and rotational leys, the latter often high yielding italian or perennial ryegrass monocultures.
<br>
DM (%) ME (MJ/kg DM) CP (g/kg DM)
Grass (young) 15 - 20 11.5 - 12.5 150 - 250
Grass (mature) 25 - 50 9.5 - 10.5 50 - 130
<br><br>
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line--->
<br>
Scours, hypomagnesaemic tetany (especially in winter, or in rapidly growing grass (e.g. spring,/early summer, late summer/autumn), bloat (especially as mixed legume swards), pasture-induced laminitis.
<br><br><br><br>
==Silage and Haylage== <!----Write below this line--->
<br>
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line--->
<br>
Silage is a fermented crop with a low dry matter content. It is cut at a relatively early stage of development and stored under anaerobic conditions (clamp or big bale). Haylage is similar to silage but is often cut at a more mature stage and is typically baled. Haylage has a higher pH and DM than silage and can often be of more variable quality. With horses haylage is typically preferred (by owners) to silage.
<br>
DM (%) ME (MJ/kg DM) CP (g/kg DM) pH
Silage 20 – 40
(20-30 clamp)
(30-40 bale) 9.5 - 12 120 - 190 3.8 - 4.8
Haylage 50 - 60 9 - 11.5 75 - 110 4.5 - 5.5
<br><br>
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line--->
Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Moulds/mycotoxins. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).
<br><br><br><br>
==Hay== <!----Write below this line--->
<br>
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line--->
<br>
Hay is dried grass, either naturally or artificially (dependent on the weather). It is cut at a relatively late stage of maturity and is typically of variable quality in colour and smell, and nutritive value. There are various types of hay such as ryegrass, meadow, and timothy. <br>
DM (%) ME (MJ/kg DM) CP (g/kg DM)
Hay 80 - 90 7.5 - 10.5 50 - 150
<br><br>
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line--->
<br>
Moulds/mycotoxins.
<br><br><br><br>
==Straw== <!----Write below this line--->
<br>
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line--->
<br>
Straw (usually barley or oat for feed) can be treated with alkali, urea or ammonia. It is commonly used as a roughage source for growing ruminants, and especially animals being reared in cereal beef systems.
<br>
DM (%) ME (MJ/kg DM) CP (g/kg DM)
Straw 86 - 88 6.1 - 7 34 - 38
Straw (ammoniated) 84 - 88 7.4 - 7.8 68 - 75
<br><br>
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line--->
<br>
Moulds/mycotoxin. Impaction within GI tract (especially horses). High intakes of straw (+ grains) are associated with hypomagnesaemic tetany (due to high K levels in grain and straw)
<br><br><br><br>
==Whole-Crop Cereal Silage== <!----Write below this line--->
<br>
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line--->
<br>
Maize whole-crop silage has high energy concentration while having a low protein concentration. It is harvested when grain is in the late dough stage. Barley, oats, wheat, and triticale are also used for whole-crop cereal silage either as monocultures or mixed with legumes (e.g. peas) to improve protein content. They are also high in energy while low in protein. Whole-crop cereal silages are fed as sole forage or mixed with grass silage.
<br>
DM (%) ME (MJ/kg DM) CP (g/kg DM)
Maize whole-crop silage 22 - 35 10.5 - 12 65 - 110
Barley whole-crop silage 30 - 40 9 - 11 80 - 110
<br><br>
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line--->
<br>
Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).