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− | ==Grass== <!----Write below this line---> | + | ==Grass== |
− | | + | [[File:Grasshastie.jpg|Grass|200px]] |
− | ===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---> | + | ===Characteristics=== |
− | <br>
| |
| Typically based on ryegrass, but often mixed swards with cocksfoot, fescues, timothy, and legumes (e.g. clover). It is present in rough/hill grazing (often with heather, rushes, mosses), permanent pasture and rotational leys, the latter often high yielding italian or perennial ryegrass monocultures. | | Typically based on ryegrass, but often mixed swards with cocksfoot, fescues, timothy, and legumes (e.g. clover). It is present in rough/hill grazing (often with heather, rushes, mosses), permanent pasture and rotational leys, the latter often high yielding italian or perennial ryegrass monocultures. |
| <br> | | <br> |
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| <br> | | <br> |
| ===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---> | | ===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---> |
− | <br>
| + | |
| Scours, hypomagnesaemic tetany (especially in winter, or in rapidly growing grass (e.g. spring,/early summer, late summer/autumn), bloat (especially as mixed legume swards), pasture-induced laminitis. | | Scours, hypomagnesaemic tetany (especially in winter, or in rapidly growing grass (e.g. spring,/early summer, late summer/autumn), bloat (especially as mixed legume swards), pasture-induced laminitis. |
| <br><br><br> | | <br><br><br> |
| | | |
| ==Silage and Haylage== <!----Write below this line---> | | ==Silage and Haylage== <!----Write below this line---> |
− | <br>
| + | [[File:Big bale silage2.jpg|Silage|200px]] |
| + | [[File:Big bale silage.jpg|Big Bale Silage|200px]] |
| ===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---> | | ===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---> |
| Silage is a fermented crop with a low dry matter content. It is cut at a relatively early stage of development and stored under anaerobic conditions (clamp or big bale). Haylage is similar to silage but is often cut at a more mature stage and is typically baled. Haylage has a higher pH and DM than silage and can often be of more variable quality. With horses haylage is typically preferred (by owners) to silage. | | Silage is a fermented crop with a low dry matter content. It is cut at a relatively early stage of development and stored under anaerobic conditions (clamp or big bale). Haylage is similar to silage but is often cut at a more mature stage and is typically baled. Haylage has a higher pH and DM than silage and can often be of more variable quality. With horses haylage is typically preferred (by owners) to silage. |
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| |Haylage || 50-60 || 9 - 11.5 || 75 - 110 || 4.5 - 5.5 | | |Haylage || 50-60 || 9 - 11.5 || 75 - 110 || 4.5 - 5.5 |
| |} | | |} |
− | <br><br>
| + | <br> |
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| ===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---> | | ===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---> |
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| | | |
| ==Hay== <!----Write below this line---> | | ==Hay== <!----Write below this line---> |
− | <br>
| + | [[File:Hayhastie.jpg|Hay|200px]] |
| + | [[File:Hay3.jpg|Hay|200px]] |
| ===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---> | | ===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---> |
| + | Hay is dried grass, either naturally or artificially (dependent on the weather). It is cut at a relatively late stage of maturity and is typically of variable quality in colour and smell, and nutritive value. There are various types of hay such as ryegrass, meadow, and timothy. <br> |
| + | {| class="wikitable" |
| + | |- |
| + | ! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM) |
| + | |- |
| + | |Hay || 80 - 90 || 7.5 - 10.5 ||50 - 150 |
| + | |} |
| <br> | | <br> |
− | Hay is dried grass, either naturally or artificially (dependent on the weather). It is cut at a relatively late stage of maturity and is typically of variable quality in colour and smell, and nutritive value. There are various types of hay such as ryegrass, meadow, and timothy. <br>
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− | DM (%) ME (MJ/kg DM) CP (g/kg DM)
| |
− | Hay 80 - 90 7.5 - 10.5 50 - 150
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− | <br><br>
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| ===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---> | | ===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---> |
− | <br>
| |
| Moulds/mycotoxins. | | Moulds/mycotoxins. |
− | <br><br><br><br> | + | <br><br><br> |
| + | |
| ==Straw== <!----Write below this line---> | | ==Straw== <!----Write below this line---> |
− | <br>
| + | [[File:Straw1.jpg|200px]] |
| + | [[File:Straw4.jpg|200px]] |
| ===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---> | | ===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---> |
| + | Straw (usually barley or oat for feed) can be treated with alkali, urea or ammonia. It is commonly used as a roughage source for growing ruminants, and especially animals being reared in cereal beef systems. |
| <br> | | <br> |
− | Straw (usually barley or oat for feed) can be treated with alkali, urea or ammonia. It is commonly used as a roughage source for growing ruminants, and especially animals being reared in cereal beef systems. | + | {| class="wikitable" |
| + | |- |
| + | ! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM) |
| + | |- |
| + | |Straw || 86 - 88 || 6.1 - 7 || 34 - 38 |
| + | |- |
| + | |Straw (ammoniated)|| 84 - 88 || 7.4 - 7.8 || 68 - 75 |
| + | |} |
| <br> | | <br> |
− | DM (%) ME (MJ/kg DM) CP (g/kg DM)
| |
− | Straw 86 - 88 6.1 - 7 34 - 38
| |
− | Straw (ammoniated) 84 - 88 7.4 - 7.8 68 - 75
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− | <br><br>
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| ===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---> | | ===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---> |
− | <br>
| |
| Moulds/mycotoxin. Impaction within GI tract (especially horses). High intakes of straw (+ grains) are associated with hypomagnesaemic tetany (due to high K levels in grain and straw) | | Moulds/mycotoxin. Impaction within GI tract (especially horses). High intakes of straw (+ grains) are associated with hypomagnesaemic tetany (due to high K levels in grain and straw) |
− | <br><br><br><br> | + | <br><br><br> |
| + | |
| ==Whole-Crop Cereal Silage== <!----Write below this line---> | | ==Whole-Crop Cereal Silage== <!----Write below this line---> |
| + | [[File:Near Knaps of Bedlam - geograph.org.uk - 1304243.jpg|200px]] |
| + | ===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---> |
| + | Maize whole-crop silage has high energy concentration while having a low protein concentration. It is harvested when grain is in the late dough stage. Barley, oats, wheat, and triticale are also used for whole-crop cereal silage either as monocultures or mixed with legumes (e.g. peas) to improve protein content. They are also high in energy while low in protein. Whole-crop cereal silages are fed as sole forage or mixed with grass silage. |
| <br> | | <br> |
| + | {| class="wikitable" |
| + | |- |
| + | ! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM) |
| + | |- |
| + | |Maize whole-crop silage || 22 - 35 || 10.5 - 12 ||65 - 110 |
| + | |- |
| + | |Barley whole-crop silage || 30 - 40 ||9 - 11 ||80 - 110 |
| + | |} |
| + | <br> |
| + | ===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---> |
| + | Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8). |
| + | |
| + | ==Clovers and Lucerne== |
| + | [[File:Clover.jpg|Red clover|200px]] |
| + | [[File:White Clover(Trifolium repens).jpg|White Clover|200px]] |
| + | [[File:Lucerne flowers.jpg|Lucerne|200px]] |
| ===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---> | | ===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---> |
| + | Clovers are either white or red varieties. Clovers and Lucerne (aka Alfalfa) have a higher protein concentration and a higher mineral concentration (e.g. calcium) than grasses. Lucerne can be grazed or conserved as a monoculture. Lucernes also have a higher protein concentration than grasses. Lucerne silages tend to be more difficult to achieve a good fermentation, inoculants are usually required. |
| <br> | | <br> |
− | Maize whole-crop silage has high energy concentration while having a low protein concentration. It is harvested when grain is in the late dough stage. Barley, oats, wheat, and triticale are also used for whole-crop cereal silage either as monocultures or mixed with legumes (e.g. peas) to improve protein content. They are also high in energy while low in protein. Whole-crop cereal silages are fed as sole forage or mixed with grass silage.
| + | {| class="wikitable" |
| + | |- |
| + | ! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM) |
| + | |- |
| + | |Clover || 18 - 20 || 9 - 10.5 || 170 - 250 |
| + | |- |
| + | |Lucerne || 22 - 25 || 8 - 10.5 || 150 - 200 |
| + | |- |
| + | |Lucerne Hay || 84 - 88 || 8 - 10.5 || 200 - 225 |
| + | |} |
| <br> | | <br> |
− | DM (%) ME (MJ/kg DM) CP (g/kg DM)
| |
− | Maize whole-crop silage 22 - 35 10.5 - 12 65 - 110
| |
− | Barley whole-crop silage 30 - 40 9 - 11 80 - 110
| |
| | | |
− | <br><br>
| |
| ===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---> | | ===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---> |
| + | |
| + | Bloat (frothy). Red clovers and some Lucerne varieties may also contain significant levels of phytoestrogens that cause subfertility. |
| + | <br><br><br> |
| + | |
| + | ==Kale and Rape== |
| + | [[File:Kale1.jpg||200px|Kale]] |
| + | ===Characteristics=== |
| + | Kale and rape are considered good, digestible fodder. They have a higher protein concentration, carbohydrate concentration and calcium concentration than grasses. Rape has a higher protein concentration than kale. |
| <br> | | <br> |
− | Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).
| + | {| class="wikitable" |
| + | |- |
| + | ! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM) |
| + | |- |
| + | |Kale || 14 || 11 || 160 |
| + | |- |
| + | |Rape || 14 || 9.5 || 200 |
| + | |} |
| + | <br> |
| + | ===Associated Problems=== |
| + | Goitrogenic. Haemolytic anaemia, haemoglobinuria. Feed to pregnant ewes with caution (can observe malformed, dead lambs at parturition). |
| + | <br><br><br> |
| + | {{Learning |
| + | |flashcards = [[Large Animal Nutrition Flashcards]] |
| + | }} |
| + | |
| + | [[Category:Large Animal Nutrition]] |
| + | [[Category:To Do]] |