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===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line--->
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line--->
Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).
Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).
==Clovers and Lucerne==
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line--->
Clovers are either white or red varieties. Clovers and Lucerne (aka Alfalfa) have a higher protein concentration and a higher mineral concentration (e.g. calcium) than grasses. Lucerne can be grazed or conserved as a monoculture. Lucernes also have a higher protein concentration than grasses. Legume silages tend to be more difficult to achieve a good fermentation, inoculants are usually required.
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{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)
|-
|Clover || 18 - 20 || 9 - 10.5 || 170 - 250
|-
|Lucerne || 22 - 25 || 8 - 10.5 || 150 - 200
|-
|Lucerne Hay || 84 - 88 || 8 - 10.5 || 200 - 225
|}
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===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line--->
Bloat (frothy). Red clovers and some Lucerne varieties may also contain significant levels of phytoestrogens that cause subfertility.
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==Kale and Rape== <!----Write below this line--->
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line--->
Kale and rape are considered good, digestible fodder. They have a higher protein concentration, carbohydrate concentration and calcium concentration than grasses. Rape has a higher protein concentration than kale.
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{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)
|-
|Kale || 14 || 11 || 160
|-
|Rape || 14 || 9.5 || 200
|}
DM (%) ME (MJ/kg DM) CP (g/kg DM)
Kale 14 11 160
Rape 14 9.5 200
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====Associated Problems====<!----Write below this line--->
Goitrogenic. Haemolytic anaemia, haemoglobinuria. Feed to pregnant ewes with caution (can observe malformed, dead lambs at parturition).
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