Changes

|species            = ''R. anatipestifer''

|species            = ''R. anatipestifer''

}}

}}

Also Known As – '''''Moraxella anatipestifer – Pasteurella anaipestifer – Pfeifferella anatipestifer'''''

Disease Known As: '''''Duck Septicaemia — Goose Influenza — Infectious Serositis — New Duck Disease — Polyserositis — Riemerellosis — Infectious Serositis''

 

Disease Known As –''Duck septicaemia – Goose influenza – Infectious Serositis – New duck disease – Polyserositis – Riemerellosis – Infectious serositis''

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

==Distribution==

==Distribution==

'''Worldwide''' – widespread in China. Thailand, Taiwan, USA, UK, Germany and Hungary and present to variable degrees in most other poultry prodcing countries.

'''Worldwide''' – widespread in China, Thailand, Taiwan, USA, UK, Germany and Hungary and present to variable degrees in most other poultry producing countries.

Transmission occurs through '''infected birds and premises''', the organism being shed in '''nasal and sinusoid secretions'''. These can contaminate water and drinkers/feeders. It can also enter through '''broken skin'''. Infection spreads fast in confined houses. Healthy ducklings may also carry the infection asymptomatically in their respiratory tracts.<ref>Ryll, M., Christensen, H., Bisgaard, M., Christensen, J. P., Hinz, K. H., Köhler, B (2001) '''Studies on the prevalence of Riemerella anatipestifer in the upper respiratory tract of clinically healthy ducklings and characterization of untypable strains'''. J Vet Med. Series B, 48(7):537-546; 34</ref>

Transmission occurs through '''infected birds and premises''', the organism being shed in '''nasal and sinusoid secretions'''. These can contaminate water and drinkers/feeders. It can also enter through '''broken skin'''. Infection spreads fast in confined houses. Healthy ducklings may also carry the infection asymptomatically in their respiratory tracts.<ref>Ryll, M., Christensen, H., Bisgaard, M., Christensen, J. P., Hinz, K. H., Köhler, B (2001) '''Studies on the prevalence of ''Riemerella anatipestifer'' in the upper respiratory tract of clinically healthy ducklings and characterization of untypable strains'''. ''J Vet Med. Series B'', 48(7):537-546; 34</ref>

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

Ducks and geese are the main hosts but turkeys, chickens, pheasants, guineafowl, quails and swans can also be infected.

Ducks and geese are the main hosts but turkeys, chickens, pheasants, guinea-fowl, quails and swans can also be infected.

Birds '''1-8 weeks old''' are usually affected.

Birds '''1-8 weeks old''' are usually affected.

Presumptive diagnosis is often made from '''history, clinical signs and lesions''', based upon the nervous signs and fibrinous pericardial, perihepatic, meningeal and respiratory lesions and exudate. Although suggestive, these are not specific.  

Presumptive diagnosis is often made from '''history, clinical signs and lesions''', based upon the nervous signs and fibrinous pericardial, perihepatic, meningeal and respiratory lesions and exudate. Although suggestive, these are not specific.  

''R. anatipestifer'' can be easily isolated, from brain, heart blood, airsacs, liver or oviduct and grows on '''soy media enriched with sheep blood or bovine serum''' forming non-haemolytic colonies. Isolates can then be serotyped with '''agglutination and agar gel precipitation'''.<ref>Sandhu, T., Harry, E. G (1981) '''Serotypes of Pasteurella anatipestifer isolated from commercial White Pekin ducks in the United States'''. Avian Diseases, 25:497-502.</ref>  

''R. anatipestifer'' can be easily isolated, from brain, heart blood, air sacs, liver or oviduct and grows on '''soy media enriched with sheep blood or bovine serum''' forming non-haemolytic colonies. Isolates can then be serotyped with '''agglutination and agar gel precipitation'''.<ref>Sandhu, T., Harry, E. G (1981) '''Serotypes of ''Pasteurella anatipestifer'' isolated from commercial White Pekin ducks in the United States'''. ''Avian Diseases'', 25:497-502.</ref>  

'''[[ELISA testing|ELISA]] and serum tube agglutination''' can be used for antibody detection, of which ELISA is the most sensitive.

'''[[ELISA testing|ELISA]] and serum tube [[agglutination]]''' can be used for antibody detection, of which ELISA is the most sensitive.

On post-mortem, infection causes a '''yellowish-white fibrinous exudate to cover the heart, liver and airsacs.''' Airsacs may also contain a caseous exudate and oviducts caseous plugs in female birds. The same yellow exudate can be found in the nervous tissue and also in the joints and skin in chronic cases, forming honey-comb like dermatitis. Carcasses are septicaemic and congested.

On post-mortem, infection causes a '''yellowish-white fibrinous exudate to cover the heart, liver and air sacs.''' Air sacs may also contain a caseous exudate and oviducts caseous plugs in female birds. The same yellow exudate can be found in the nervous tissue and also in the joints and skin in chronic cases, forming honey-comb like dermatitis. Carcasses are septicaemic and congested.

On histopathology, '''mononuclear and heterophilic cells''' infiltrate the serous surfaces of pericardium, air sacs and liver. Multinuclear giant cells may develop in the air sacs and skin lesions in chronic cases.

On histopathology, '''mononuclear and heterophilic cells''' infiltrate the serous surfaces of pericardium, air sacs and liver. Multinuclear giant cells may develop in the air sacs and skin lesions in chronic cases.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

'''Enrofloxacin, Lincomycin, Novobiocin, Procaine penicillin''' and '''Trimethoprim-Sulphonamides''' can be used, some as injectables, others in feed.  

'''Enrofloxacin, Lincomycin, Novobiocin, Procaine Penicillin''' and '''Trimethoprim-Sulphonamides''' can be used, some as injectables, others in feed.  

==Control==

==Control==

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Riemerella anatipestifer infection datasheet''', accessed 25/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Riemerella anatipestifer infection datasheet''', accessed 25/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]

 

 

[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]

[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Birds]] [[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Birds]] [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Birds]]

[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Birds]] [[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Birds]] [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Birds]]