Changes

Also know as: '''''Bovine Viral Scours — Bovine Winter Dysentry — Coronaviral Enteritis of Calves — Scours — [[Winter Dysentery]]'''''

Also know as: '''''Bovine Viral Scours — Bovine Winter Dysentry — Coronaviral Enteritis of Calves — Scours — [[Winter Dysentery]] — BCV'''''

== Introduction ==

== Introduction ==

The primary routes of entry for bovine coronavirus are via the '''faecal-oral route''' or the nasal cavity (Clark, 1993). Adult cattle are carriers and excrete the virus at low levels; however, during parturition, cows shed higher titres of the virus.  

The primary routes of entry for bovine coronavirus are via the '''faecal-oral route''' or the nasal cavity (Clark, 1993). Adult cattle are carriers and excrete the virus at low levels; however, during parturition, cows shed higher titres of the virus.  

The incidence of BCV varies in different parts of the world but published and annual reports indicate that BCV causes 15-30% of all calf enteritis cases.<ref>Langpap, T. J., Bergeland, M. E., Reed, D. E (1979) '''Coronalviral enteritis of young calves: Virologic and pathologic findings in naturally occurring infections'''. Am. J. Vet. Res., 40:1476-1478</ref> Incidence may be underestimated because many laboratories around the world are not equipped with BCV antigen detection methods.

The incidence of BCV varies in different parts of the world but published and annual reports indicate that BCV causes 15-30% of all calf enteritis cases.<ref>Langpap, T. J., Bergeland, M. E., Reed, D. E (1979) '''Coronalviral enteritis of young calves: Virologic and pathologic findings in naturally occurring infections'''.'' Am. J. Vet. Res''., 40:1476-1478</ref> Incidence may be underestimated because many laboratories around the world are not equipped with BCV antigen detection methods.

== Signalment ==

== Signalment ==

In cattle where the disease causes '''[[Winter Dysentery]]''', this occurs in '''autumn and winter when the cattle are housed.'''

In cattle where the disease causes '''[[Winter Dysentery]]''', this occurs in '''autumn and winter when the cattle are housed.'''

In '''adult''' animals, the disease is usually '''sub-clinical''', and the virus may be excreted intermittently at low levels.<ref> Schoenthaler, S. L., Kapil, S (1999) '''Development and applications of a bovine coronavirus antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.''' Clinical & Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 6(1):130-132; 13</ref>.

In '''adult''' animals, the disease is usually '''sub-clinical''', and the virus may be excreted intermittently at low levels.<ref> Schoenthaler, S. L., Kapil, S (1999) '''Development and applications of a bovine coronavirus antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.''' ''Clinical & Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology'', 6(1):130-132; 13</ref>.

== Clinical Signs ==

== Clinical Signs ==

Enteric BCV infections generally are diagnosed by examination of '''faecal samples or intestinal contents by electron microscopy (EM) or [[ELISA testing|ELISA]].'''

Enteric BCV infections generally are diagnosed by examination of '''faecal samples or intestinal contents by electron microscopy (EM) or [[ELISA testing|ELISA]].'''

No diagnostic tools are available for cow-side testing or in-office testing for veterinarians. When sending samples to diagnostic services it is important to include at least '''five sections from different parts of the gut, including the spiral colon''' because this is the common site of virus persistence<ref> Kapil, S., Goyal, S. M., Trent, A. M (1994) '''Cellular immune status of coronavirus-infected neonatal calves'''. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 17(2):133-138; 16</ref> <ref>Kapil, S., Trent, A. M., Goyal, S. M (1994) '''Antibody responses in spiral colon, ileum, and jejunum of bovine coronavirus-infected neonatal calves.''' Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 17(2):139-149; 13</ref>

No diagnostic tools are available for cow-side testing or in-office testing for veterinarians. When sending samples to diagnostic services it is important to include at least '''five sections from different parts of the gut, including the spiral colon''' because this is the common site of virus persistence<ref> Kapil, S., Goyal, S. M., Trent, A. M (1994) '''Cellular immune status of coronavirus-infected neonatal calves'''. ''Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases'', 17(2):133-138; 16</ref> <ref>Kapil, S., Trent, A. M., Goyal, S. M (1994) '''Antibody responses in spiral colon, ileum, and jejunum of bovine coronavirus-infected neonatal calves.''' ''Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases'', 17(2):139-149; 13</ref>

In respiratory disease, the viral antigen can easily be demonstrated in washed nasal epithelial cells by '''direct [[Immunofluorescence|fluorescent antibody test]]'''. Demonstrating the antigen in the lower respiratory tract is difficult.  

In respiratory disease, the viral antigen can easily be demonstrated in washed nasal epithelial cells by '''direct [[Immunofluorescence|fluorescent antibody test]]'''. Demonstrating the antigen in the lower respiratory tract is difficult.  

== Treatment ==

== Treatment ==

Treatment of BCV is generally '''symptomatic.''' Fluid therapy is given orally or intravenously. Astringents also are used to control diarrhoea. Additional feeding of fortified colostrum may be useful in preventing the clinical disease in newborn calves.<ref> Murakami, T., Hirano, N., Inoue, A., Tsuchiya, K., Chitose, K., Ono, K., Yanagihara, T (1986) '''Prevention of calf diarrhea with an immunoglobulin diet in beef herds.''' Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science, 48(5):879-885; 19</ref>

Treatment of BCV is generally '''symptomatic.''' Fluid therapy is given orally or intravenously. Astringents also are used to control diarrhoea. Additional feeding of fortified colostrum may be useful in preventing the clinical disease in newborn calves.<ref> Murakami, T., Hirano, N., Inoue, A., Tsuchiya, K., Chitose, K., Ono, K., Yanagihara, T (1986) '''Prevention of calf diarrhea with an immunoglobulin diet in beef herds.''' ''Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science'', 48(5):879-885; 19</ref>

== Control ==

== Control ==

A '''dam vaccine''' is available as a control measure for this disease. This should be given '''mid-late gestation''' to increased the number of BCV antibodies in the dams' colostrum. At birth, the calf must drink this colostrum for the vaccine to have been of any effect.

A '''dam vaccine''' is available as a control measure for this disease. This should be given '''mid-late gestation''' to increased the number of BCV antibodies in the dams' colostrum. At birth, the calf must drink this colostrum for the vaccine to have been of any effect.

General husbandry measures such as ensuring good hygiene and ventillation in calving pens is important.

General husbandry measures such as ensuring good hygiene and ventilation in calving pens is important.

{{Learning

{{Learning

Clark, M. A (1993) '''Bovine coronavirus'''. Brit Vet J, 149(1):51-70;

Clark, M. A (1993) '''Bovine coronavirus'''. Brit Vet J, 149(1):51-70;

Daginakatte, G. C., Chard-Bergstrom, C., Andrews, G. A., Sanjay, Kapil (1999) '''Production, characterization, and uses of monoclonal antibodies against recombinant nucleoprotein of elk coronavirus'''. Clinical & Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 6(3):341-344; 15.

Daginakatte, G. C., Chard-Bergstrom, C., Andrews, G. A., Sanjay, Kapil (1999) '''Production, characterization, and uses of monoclonal antibodies against recombinant nucleoprotein of elk coronavirus'''. ''Clinical & Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology'', 6(3):341-344; 15.

Heckert, R. A., Saif, L. J., Myers, G. W., Agnes, A. G (1991) '''Epidemiologic factors and isotype-specific antibody responses in serum and mucosal secretions of dairy calves with bovine coronavirus respiratory tract and enteric tract infections'''. American J Vet Research, 52(6):845-851; 44.

Heckert, R. A., Saif, L. J., Myers, G. W., Agnes, A. G (1991) '''Epidemiologic factors and isotype-specific antibody responses in serum and mucosal secretions of dairy calves with bovine coronavirus respiratory tract and enteric tract infections'''. ''American J Vet Research'', 52(6):845-851; 44.

Kapil, S., Pomeroy, K. A., Goyal, S. M., Trent, A. M (1991) '''Experimental infection with a virulent pneumoenteric isolate of bovine coronavirus'''. J Vet Diagnostic Investigation, 3(1):88-89; 6.

Kapil, S., Pomeroy, K. A., Goyal, S. M., Trent, A. M (1991) '''Experimental infection with a virulent pneumoenteric isolate of bovine coronavirus'''. ''J Vet Diagnostic Investigation'', 3(1):88-89; 6.

Majhdi, F., Minocha, H. C., Kapil, S (1997) '''Isolation and characterization of a coronavirus from elk calves with diarrhea. Journal of Clinical Microbiology''', 35(11):2937-2942; 19.

Majhdi, F., Minocha, H. C., Kapil, S (1997) '''Isolation and characterization of a coronavirus from elk calves with diarrhea.''''' Journal of Clinical Microbiology'', 35(11):2937-2942; 19.

Mebus, C. A., Stair, E. L., Rhodes, M. B., Twiehaus, M. J (1973) '''Pathology of neonatal calf diarrhoea induced by a coronavirus-like agent'''. Vet Pathol. 10:45-64.

Mebus, C. A., Stair, E. L., Rhodes, M. B., Twiehaus, M. J (1973) '''Pathology of neonatal calf diarrhoea induced by a coronavirus-like agent'''. ''Vet Pathol.'' 10:45-64.

Saif, L. J (1990) '''A review of evidence implicating bovine coronavirus in the aetiology of winter dysentery in cows: an enigma resolved?''' Cornell Vet, 80(4):303-311; 32.

Saif, L. J (1990) '''A review of evidence implicating bovine coronavirus in the aetiology of winter dysentery in cows: an enigma resolved?''''' Cornell Vet,'' 80(4):303-311; 32.

 

Zhang, Z., Andrews, G. A., Chard-Bergstrom, C., Minocha, H. C., Kapil, S (1997) '''Application of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization for detection of bovine coronavirus in paraffin-embedded, formalin-fixed intestines'''.'' J Clinical Microbiology,'' 35(11):2964-2965; 11.

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[[Category:Coronaviridae]][[Category:Cattle Viruses]][[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Intestinal Diseases - Cattle]]

[[Category:Coronaviridae]][[Category:Cattle Viruses]][[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Intestinal Diseases - Cattle]]

[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]

[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]