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[[File:Gray39.png|right|400px|thumb|Diagramatic Representation of the various layers of the placenta (fetal side lower and maternal side upper)]]

[[File:Gray39.png|right|400px|thumb|Diagramatic Representation of the various layers of the placenta (fetal side lower and maternal side upper)]]

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

There are a number of fetal circulatory shunts that are related to the umbilical arteries and veins. The three major shunts are covered in more detail at [[Foetal_Circulation_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Circulatory_Changes_at_Birth|Fetal Circulation]] but are important to ensure that organs are always supplied with oxygen and nutrient rich blood, to prevent waste accumulation and protect organs that are not yet fully patent. The main fetal circulatory shunts are the '''Ductus venosus''', '''Foramen ovale''' and the '''Ductus arteriosus'''.

There are a number of fetal circulatory shunts that are related to the umbilical arteries and veins. The three major shunts are covered in more detail at [[Foetal_Circulation_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Circulatory_Changes_at_Birth|Fetal Circulation]] but are important to ensure that organs are always supplied with oxygen and nutrient rich blood, to prevent waste accumulation and protect organs that are not yet fully patent. The main fetal circulatory shunts are the '''Ductus venosus''', '''Foramen ovale''' and the '''Ductus arteriosus'''.

== Endocrine Placenta ==

 

 

 

 

 

== Endocrine ==

The placenta also plays an important role in the endocrinological management of the fetus and the activities of the maternal side. The endocrinological functions are complex and differ across species. In essence, the placenta attempts to perform the endocrine function of other organs that are either not yet able or not yet formed such as the pituitary gland and the ovary.  

The placenta also plays an important role in the endocrinological management of the fetus and the activities of the maternal side. The endocrinological functions are complex and differ across species. In essence, the placenta attempts to perform the endocrine function of other organs that are either not yet able or not yet formed such as the pituitary gland and the ovary.  

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Freemartins occur in 1% of births and in 99% of cases, the female is rendered sterile.

Freemartins occur in 1% of births and in 99% of cases, the female is rendered sterile. For more detailed information, please see [[Freemartinism|bovine freemartinism]].

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[[Category:To Do - A&P]]

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[[Category:To Do - Review]]

[[Category:Pregnancy and Parturition]]

[[Category:Pregnancy and Parturition]]