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Also Known As – '''''Endometrial cysts – Glandular cysts – Lymphatic lacunar cysts'''''
Also Known As – Endometrial cysts – Glandular cysts – Lymphatic lacunar cysts
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
Uterine cysts are a '''common''' clinical and incidental finding in mares.
There are '''two types of uterine cyst recognised in the horse''':
1) '''Endometrial glandular cysts''' – 5-10mm in size and the result of fibrosis around endometrial glands.
2) '''Lymphatic lacuna cysts''' – >1cm in diameter, can be several cm, caused by lymphangiectasia.
'''Endometrial''' cysts can be located '''centrally''' and luminally at the bifurcation or may be within the '''uterine body''' where they can be '''lumenal or extraluminal'''. Smaller cysts are often luminal while large ones often form extraluminally from blocked lymphatic channels.<ref name="Gary">England, G. C. W (2005) '''Fertility & Obstetrics in the Horse 3rd ed.''' ''Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford''</ref>
Uterine cysts can complicate pregnancy diagnosis, particularly when scanning for [Twin Pregnancies – Horses|twin pregnancies]]
Uterine cysts can '''complicate pregnancy diagnosis''', particularly when scanning for [[Twin Pregnancies – Horses|twin pregnancies]]
==Distribution==
==Distribution==
Worldwide
==Signalment==
==Signalment==
Mare older than 11 years of age are most likely to have cysts.<ref name=Samper>Samper, J. C., Pycock, J. F., McKinnon, A. O (2007) '''Current Therapy in Equine Reproduction''', ''Elsevier Health'', pp 121-125.</ref>
Mare '''older than 11 years of age''' are most likely to have cysts.<ref name="Samper">Samper, J. C., Pycock, J. F., McKinnon, A. O (2007) '''Current Therapy in Equine Reproduction''', ''Elsevier Health'', pp 121-125.</ref>
==Clinical Signs==
Significance of uterine cysts is often difficult to assess due to many contributing factors on fertility. Presence of cysts is very common and '''small endometrial cysts are generally of no clinical significance'''<ref name="Gary" />
Large cysts or many in a single area may '''prevent mobility of the embryo''' and thus result in '''failure of [[Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy|maternal recognition of pregnancy]], thus the mare will return to oestrus''' after ~21 days.
==Clinical Signs==
Numerous cysts can also result in '''early embryonic death,''' usually between '''22 and 44 days of gestation''',<ref name= "Samper" /> possibly due to interference with '''placentation.'''
Multiple small cysts have also been observed in mares with '''chronic, infiltrative endometritis''', which carry a hopeless reproductive progonosis.<ref name="Gary" />
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
Diagnosis is usually made by rectal palpation or trans-rectal ultrasound scanning. Ultrasonographically, cysts appear as fluid filled cavities that may be spherical or long and oval in shape and may be septated into cavities.<ref>Kähn, W., Volkmann, D (200) Veterinary Reproductive Ultrasonography:Horse, Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Pig, Dog, Cat. Schlűterche, Hannover, p79</ref>
Diagnosis is usually made by '''rectal palpation or trans-rectal ultrasound scanning'''. Ultrasonographically, cysts appear as fluid filled cavities that may be '''spherical or long and oval''' in shape and may be septated into cavities.<ref>Kähn, W., Volkmann, D (200) '''Veterinary Reproductive Ultrasonography:Horse, Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Pig, Dog, Cat.''' ''Schlűterche, Hannover'', p79</ref>
Hysteroscopy can also be used and is particularly useful for very small cysts.
'''Hysteroscopy''' can also be used and is particularly useful for very small cysts.
Cysts must be '''differentiated from [[Twin Pregnancies – Horses|twin pregnancies]]''' when ultrasound scanning pregnant mares. If any doubt is present, the mare should be '''rescanned after 2-3 days''', after which time a conceptus would have undergone a '''detectable increase in size and likely also changed location''' if during the motile phase. '''Mapping cyst locations prior to breeding is very useful.'''
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
Multiple treatment modalities are described for uterine cysts including mechanical curettage, manual rupture by hand or via endometrial biopsy forceps, hysteroscopic rupture using forceps, electrocoagulation and laser ablation. All have been used with success and availability of equipment, personnel and cyst size should be used to determine which modality is most appropriate.
Multiple treatment modalities are described for uterine cysts including '''mechanical curettage, manual rupture by hand or via endometrial biopsy forceps, hysteroscopic rupture using forceps, electrocoagulation and laser ablation'''. All have been used with success and availability of equipment, personnel and cyst size should be used to determine which modality is most appropriate.
==Control==
==Control==
As no risk factors other than age have been identified, prevention is impossible.
The key factor is '''preventing interference with pregnancy diagnosis''', thus pre-breeding trans-rectal ultrasound examination is advised for all mares, particularly those over 10 years of age, to allow mapping of existing cysts. Prudent scanning at pregnancy diagnosis is essential if these records are not available.
{{Learning
{{Learning
==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references/>
Lavoie, J-P., Hinchcliff, K. W (2008) '''Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Equine 2nd ed'''. ''Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford''
[[Category:To Do - Steph]] [[Category: Diseases - ]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]] [[Category: Reproductive Diseases -Horse]]