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→Decision-making
The type of abnormality should be determined through '''vaginal examination'''.
The type of abnormality should be determined through '''vaginal examination'''.
The '''foal's viability''' should be assessed as management will vary depending on if the foal is alive or dead.
The '''foal's viability''' should be assessed as management will vary depending on whether the foal is alive or dead.
Copious amounts of '''lubrication''' should be used and lubricant can be pumped into the uterus via a nasogastric tube if necessary.
Copious amounts of '''lubrication''' should be used and lubricant can be pumped into the uterus via a nasogastric tube if necessary.
'''Foetotomy''': The main aim is to save the mare's life and future breeding potential if the foal has died. Great care must be taken not to '''traumatise the birth canal'''. Although this technique is still favoured in some regions, it has largely been superceded by caesarean section which has a lower incidence of complications.
'''Foetotomy''': The main aim is to save the mare's life and future breeding potential if the foal has died. Great care must be taken not to '''traumatise the birth canal'''. Although this technique is still favoured in some regions, it has largely been superceded by caesarean section which has a lower incidence of complications.
'''Caesarean''': This should be considered if no progress is being made by vaginal manipulation after 15-20 minutes. It will also depend on the proximity of hospital and foal intensive care facilities. On-farm anaesthesia and surgery may be the only option.
[[Caesarean Section - Horse|'''Caesarean''']]: This should be considered if no progress is being made by vaginal manipulation after 15-20 minutes. It will also depend on the proximity of hospital and foal intensive care facilities. On-farm anaesthesia and surgery may be the only option.
This is usually done in a standing mare via a low left flank approach.
This is usually done in a standing mare via a low left flank approach.
==Post-partum complications==
==Post-partum complications==
Mares with dystocia are more likely to develop post-partum complications including:
Mares with dystocia are more likely to develop post-partum complications including:
:'''Retained placenta''': treated by manual removal or oxytocin in an intravenous drip or through intramuscular boluses.
:'''Metritis''': which can lead to toxaemia and [[Laminitis - Horse|laminitis]] and should be treated aggressively.
:'''Intestinal problems''': ileus or [[Ileal Impaction - Horse|constipation]], intestinal rupture, [[Rectal Prolapse - Horse|rectal prolapse]]
:[[Reproductive Tract Prolapse#Uterine Prolapse|'''Uterine prolapse''']]
:'''Cervical tears'''
:'''Uterine rupture'''
:'''Uterine Haemorrhage'''
:[[Perineal Laceration - Horse|'''Perineal lacerations''']]
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Equine Reproduction and Stud Medicine Q&A 20]]
}}
==References==
==References==
McGladdery, A. (2001) '''Dystocia and postpartum complications in the mare''' ''In Practice'' 23:74-80
McGladdery, A. (2001) '''Dystocia and postpartum complications in the mare''' ''In Practice'' 23:74-80
[[Category:Reproductive Disorders]]
[[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Horse]]
[[Category:To Do - Helen]]
[[Category:To Do - Helen]]