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Fibrous osteodystrophy in the '''flat bones of the skull and face causes facial hyperostosis'''. This is seen in Bran disease or grain overload in horses and also in dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism. The face and head become '''grossly disfigured''' by excessive amounts of fibrous tissue laid down in an attempt to consolidate the weakened lamellar bone. In advanced cases, the '''mandible may become pliant''' and '''[[Teeth - Anatomy & Physiology|teeth]] may loosen''', hence the colloquial name, “rubber jaw”. This may interfere with mastication and cause '''pain, dysphagia and consequent weight loss.'''
Fibrous osteodystrophy in the '''flat bones of the skull and face causes facial hyperostosis'''. This is seen in Bran disease or grain overload in horses and also in dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism. The face and head become '''grossly disfigured''' by excessive amounts of fibrous tissue laid down in an attempt to consolidate the weakened lamellar bone. In advanced cases, the '''mandible may become pliant''' and '''[[Teeth - Anatomy & Physiology|teeth]] may loosen''', hence the colloquial name, “rubber jaw”. This may interfere with mastication and cause '''pain, dysphagia and consequent weight loss.'''
'''Grain overload''' is also an important cause of '''severe [[Colic in Horses|colic in horses]]'''. The sudden '''increase in fermentation results in enodtoxaemia and acidosis which can be fatal.'''
Animals affected by secondary renal HPT may exhibit '''classical signs of renal insufficiency such as polydipsia, polyuria, weight loss, vomiting and dehydration'''.
Animals affected by secondary renal HPT may exhibit '''classical signs of renal insufficiency such as polydipsia, polyuria, weight loss, vomiting and dehydration'''.
'''Horses with bran disease should be confined until radiographs show normal bone density'''. Diet should be rectified if inadequate, and '''calcium: phosphorus ratio maintained at 1:1-3:1 for the first 2-3 months''' followed by a normal ration. If horses have also been feeding on plants high in oxalates (which can also bind calcium in the intestine) then these should be removed from the diet and limestone can be added to the diet to prevent or treat any associating signs.
'''Horses with bran disease should be confined until radiographs show normal bone density'''. Diet should be rectified if inadequate, and '''calcium: phosphorus ratio maintained at 1:1-3:1 for the first 2-3 months''' followed by a normal ration. If horses have also been feeding on plants high in oxalates (which can also bind calcium in the intestine) then these should be removed from the diet and limestone can be added to the diet to prevent or treat any associating signs.
Horses with colic as a result of grain engorgement require aggressive fluid therapy and analgesia, and a nasogastric tube should be passed to alleviate any reflux. Measures should also be taken to try and prevent [[Laminitis|laninitis]] such as specialised shoes.
Horses with colic as a result of '''grain engorgement''' require '''aggressive fluid therapy and analgesia, and a nasogastric tube''' should be passed to alleviate any reflux. Measures should also be taken to try and prevent [[Laminitis|laninitis]] such as specialised shoes.
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