Changes

Also Known As – TBEV – Spanish sheep encephalomyelitis – Exotic encephalitis – Turkish sheep encephalomyelitis

Also Known As: '''''TBEV — TBE — Spanish Sheep Encephalomyelitis — Exotic Encephalitis — Turkish Sheep Encephalomyelitis'''''

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

'''Powassan Virus''' is restricted to North America.

'''Powassan Virus''' is restricted to North America.

The viruses are all spread by '''[[Ticks|tick]] vectors'''. For more information on the role of ticks in disease transmission, see [[Tick Disease Transmission|here]]. '''''[[Ixodes spp.]], [[Dermacentor spp.]]''''' and ''Haemaphysalis'' spp. are all implicated. Transmission is trans-stadial.

The viruses are all spread by '''[[Ticks|tick]] vectors''', more information on the role of ticks can be found at [[Tick Disease Transmission|tick disease transmission]]. '''''[[Ixodes spp.]], [[Dermacentor spp.]]''''' and ''Haemaphysalis'' spp. are all implicated. Transmission is trans-stadial.

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

===Ruminants===

===Ruminants===

'''Ruminants''' exhibit '''neurological signs, usually head tilt, facial paralysis, listlessness,blindness, hypermetria, opisthotonus, excess salivation''' and ataxia. They may bunny hop if weakness is severe. Animals are often anorexic and demonstrating discomfort and bruxism.

'''Ruminants''' exhibit '''neurological signs, usually head tilt, facial paralysis, listlessness, blindness, hypermetria, opisthotonus, excess salivation''' and ataxia. They may bunny hop if weakness is severe. Animals are often anorexic and demonstrating discomfort and bruxism.

Respiratory signs can also occur.

Respiratory signs can also occur.

In dogs confirmed with TBE infection, '''lymphohistiocytic meningitis''' is seen with '''neuronal necrosis, glial karyorrhexis and microglial proliferation'''. Perivascular cuffs can be present in all regions of the brain.

In dogs confirmed with TBE infection, '''lymphohistiocytic meningitis''' is seen with '''neuronal necrosis, glial karyorrhexis and microglial proliferation'''. Perivascular cuffs can be present in all regions of the brain.

Viral antigen is most consistently found in the neuroparenchyma surrounding the '''fourth ventricle''' but also in the cerebellum, mesencephalon, thalamus, hippocampus and neocortex.<ref name="Wessenbock">Weissenböck, H (1999) '''Post-mortem diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis in dogs'''. Tierärztliche Umschau, 54(5):249-255; 15</ref> CSF can also be used. Virus can be detected by immunohistology.<ref name="Weissenbock" /> '''Antibodies can be detected in serum and CSF by [[ELISA testing|ELISA]].'''

Viral antigen is most consistently found in the neuroparenchyma surrounding the '''fourth ventricle''' but also in the cerebellum, mesencephalon, thalamus, hippocampus and neocortex.<ref name="Wessenbock">Weissenböck, H (1999) '''Post-mortem diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis in dogs'''. ''Tierärztliche Umschau'', 54(5):249-255; 15</ref> CSF can also be used. Virus can be detected by immunohistology.<ref name="Weissenbock" /> '''Antibodies can be detected in serum and CSF by [[ELISA testing|ELISA]].'''

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Tickborne Encephalitis datasheet''', accessed 06/07/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Tickborne Encephalitis datasheet''', accessed 06/07/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

[[Category:To Do - CABI review]] [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Cattle]] [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Dog]] [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Sheep]]

 

 

[[Category:CABI Expert Review]] [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Cattle]] [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Dog]] [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Sheep]]

[[Category:Zoonoses]]