Changes

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

The disease is common in '''neonatal psittacine birds'''. '''Immunosuppressive''' conditions and '''trauma''' to the ingluvies lead to the development of candidiasis. Predisposing factors include hypothermia, feeding a formula that is too cold or too hot - causing crop burns, poor nutrition, longterm antibiotic therapy, hypovitaminosis A and systemic illness from other causes.  

The disease is common in '''neonatal psittacine birds'''. It occurs primarily as a result of '''immunosuppression''' and '''trauma''' to the ingluvies. Hypothermia, feeding too cold or too hot formula which results in crop-burn, poor nutrition, longterm antibiotic therapy, hypovitaminosis A and systemic illness from other causes are all predisposing causes.  

==Clinical Sings==

==Clinical Sings==

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

Diagnosis is based on '''identification of oval yeasts''' and '''hyphae''' on '''cytological smears''' taken from swabs and crop washes or aspirates. '''Wrights stain''' can be used to demonstrate the yeasts. There should be no evidence of an inflammatory response. The presence of '''hyphae''' indicates that the crop may have been penetrated and the infection '''spread systemically'''.

Diagnosis is based on '''identification of oval yeasts''' and '''hyphae''' on '''cytological smears''' taken from swabs and crop washes or aspirates. '''Wrights stain''' can be used to demonstrate the yeasts. There should be no evidence of an inflammatory response. The presence of '''hyphae''' indicates that the crop may have been penetrated and the infection has '''spread systemically'''.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

An '''antifungal drug''' is indicated for the treatment of candidiasis. The presence of hyphae is suggestive of invasion of the mucosa by the yeast and the potential for a systemic infection. Therefore, a '''systemic antifungal''' – e.g. itraconazole PO for 7 days – should be used along with a local or topical antifungal, e.g. nystatin BID or TID for 7–10 days.

An '''antifungal drug''' is indicated for the treatment of candidiasis. The presence of hyphae is suggestive of invasion of the mucosa by the yeast and the potential for a systemic infection. Therefore, a '''systemic antifungal''' such as oral itraconazole (for 7 days) is recommended  along with a topical antifungal such as nystatin BID or TID for 7–10 days.

 

==Prognosis==

==Prognosis==

The presence of hyphae on cytological examination suggests a severe infection and potential systemic spread, and therefore a '''poor''' prognosis. Without evidence of hyphae the prognosis is improved.

The presence of hyphae on cytological examination suggests a severe infection and potential systemic spread, and therefore a '''poor''' prognosis. Without evidence of hyphae the prognosis is improved.

[[Category:Cutaneous Mycoses]]

[[Category:Cutaneous Mycoses]]

[[Category:To Do - Fungi]]

[[Category:To Do - Fungi]]

[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]

[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]