Changes

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

Tenosynovitis refers to '''inflammation of the synovial membrane and the fibrous layer of the tendon sheath'''.

 

Tenosynovitis refers to '''inflammation of the synovial membrane and the fibrous layer of the tendon sheath'''. It is characterised by '''distension of the sheath''' due to synovial effusion and is most commonly seen in '''horses'''.

It is characterised by '''distension of the sheath''' due to synovial effusion.

 

It is most commonly seen in '''horses'''.

Various types of tenosynovitis occur:

Various types of tenosynovitis occur:

:'''idiopathic'''

:'''idiopathic'''

:'''acute'''

:'''acute'''

:'''chronic'''

:'''chronic'''

:'''septic''' (infectious)

:'''septic''' (infectious)

==Idiopathic tenosynovitis==

==Idiopathic Tenosynovitis==

This refers to the distention of the synovial sheath, usually in young animals, in which the '''cause is uncertain'''.

This refers to the distention of the synovial sheath, usually in young animals, in which the '''cause is uncertain'''. It can be seen in the common digital extensor tendon sheath or the extensor carpi radialis tendon sheath. There is usually no identifiable pathology and '''no lameness''' and treatment is usually unnecessary.

 

It can be seen in the common digital extensor tendon sheath or the extensor carpi radialis tendon sheath.

 

There is usually no identifiable pathology and '''no lameness''' and treatment is usually unnecessary.

 

These are due to '''strain, overuse or trauma''' and usually seen in older animals.

Tendon sheaths most commonly affected include the '''digital flexor tendon sheath''' and tendon sheaths associated with the carpus and tarsus.

 

These are due to '''strain, overuse or trauma''' and usually seen in older animals. Tendon sheaths most commonly affected include the '''digital flexor tendon sheath''' and tendon sheaths associated with the carpus and tarsus. Defects in the Superficial Digital Flexor, Deep Digital Flexor and Suspensory Ligament can cause acute swelling in the sheath and subsequent fibrosis.

Defects in the Superficial Digital Flexor, Deep Digital Flexor and Suspensory Ligament can cause acute swelling in the sheath and subsequent fibrosis.

===Diagnosis===

===Diagnosis===

===Treatment===

===Treatment===

Treatment is similar to cases of synovitis and osteoarthritis. This includes: '''rest, cold hydrotherapy, bandaging, systemic and local NSAIDs'''.

Treatment is similar to cases of synovitis and [[osteoarthritis]]. This includes: '''rest, cold hydrotherapy, bandaging, systemic and local [[NSAIDs]]'''.

Systemic hyaluronan can be given to provide lubrication.

Systemic hyaluronan can be given to provide lubrication.

'''Injection of medication into the tendon sheath''' can be performed in refractory cases, using products such as hyaluronan or corticosteroids.

'''Injection of medication into the tendon sheath''' can be performed in refractory cases, using products such as hyaluronan or corticosteroids.

'''Tenoscopy''' may have to be performed to adequately treat any synovial lesions, tears in the Deep Digital Flexor Tendon or perform annual ligament desmotomy.

'''Tenoscopy''' may have to be performed to adequately treat any synovial lesions, tears in the deep digital flexor tendon or perform annual ligament desmotomy.

==Septic tenosynovitis==

==Septic Tenosynovitis==

This occurs following '''trauma and penetration of the digital sheath'''. It can also follow local extension of infection or haematogenous infection.

This occurs following '''trauma and penetration of the digital sheath'''. It can also follow local extension of infection or haematogenous infection.

 

[[Category:To Do - Helen]]

[[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Horse]]

[[Category:To Do - Review]]

[[Category:Expert Review - Horse]]

 

 

[[Category:Bursae and Tendons - Pathology]]

[[Category:Bursae and Tendons - Pathology]]