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Also Known As – '''''BHV-4 – Passenger Virus – Moyar Virus'''''
Also Known As: '''''BHV-4 — Passenger Virus — Moyar Virus'''''
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
BHV-4 is a member of the '''''[[Herpesviridae|Herpesvirus]]''''' causing '''[[Reproductive System|reproductive disease]] in cattle in the form of [[Endometritis|endometritis]], vulvovaginits, associated abortion and [[Mastitis|mastitis]]. Most disease is however, subclinical''', hence its common name of “passenger virus”.
BHV-4 is a member of the '''''[[Herpesviridae|Herpesvirus]]''''' causing '''[[:Category:Reproductive Diseases - Cattle|reproductive disease]] in cattle in the form of [[Endometritis|endometritis]], vulvovaginits, associated abortion and [[Mastitis|mastitis]]. Most disease is however, subclinical''', hence its common name of “passenger virus”.
The virus '''replicates within mucosal cells and then invades the mononuclear cells''', causing generalised infection and '''crossing the placenta''' to infect the unborn foetus.
The virus '''replicates within mucosal cells and then invades the mononuclear cells''', causing generalised infection and '''crossing the placenta''' to infect the unborn foetus.
In dairy cattle, BHV-4 can cause '''mastitis''' and associated udder lesions and milk changes.
In dairy cattle, BHV-4 can cause '''mastitis''' and associated udder lesions and milk changes.
The virus has also been isolated from cases of '''conjunctivitis and [[Respiratory System|respiratory disease]]''' but it is unclear and somewhat doubtful whether it was the responsible pathogen in these cases, or an opportunistic invader. The respiratory route is however the main route of transmission of the virus.
The virus has also been isolated from cases of '''conjunctivitis and [[:Category:Respiratory Diseases - Cattle|respiratory disease]]''' but it is unclear and somewhat doubtful whether it was the responsible pathogen in these cases, or an opportunistic invader. The respiratory route is however the main route of transmission of the virus.
As with all [[Herpesviridae|herpesviruses]], BHV-4 can '''undergo latency, often residing in the trigeminal ganglia''' similarly to [[Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis|BHV-1 (IBR)]] and '''recrudescing with stress''' and/or immunosuppression. '''Recovered cattle often become latent carriers'''. Both acute and latent infections are highly prevalent in endemic BHV-4 areas.
As with all [[Herpesviridae|herpesviruses]], BHV-4 can '''undergo latency, often residing in the trigeminal ganglia''' similarly to [[Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis|BHV-1 (IBR)]] and '''recrudescing with stress''' and/or immunosuppression. '''Recovered cattle often become latent carriers'''. Both acute and latent infections are highly prevalent in endemic BHV-4 areas.
Viral DNA can be detected by '''PCR.'''
Viral DNA can be detected by '''PCR.'''
Antibodies to BHV-4 can be detected using '''[[ELISA testing|ELISA]] and Indirect [[Immunofluorescence]]'''. Immunoperoxidase assays are also available.
It must always be considered that presence and positive identification of BHV-4 does not mean that it is responsible for the observed disease.
It must always be considered that presence and positive identification of BHV-4 does not mean that it is responsible for the observed disease.
Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Bovine Herpesvirus 4 Infection datasheet''', accessed 29/07/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Bovine Herpesvirus 4 Infection datasheet''', accessed 29/07/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
[[Category:To Do - CABI review]] [[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Cattle]] [[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Sheep]]
{{review}}
[[Category:CABI Expert Review]] [[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Cattle]] [[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Sheep]]