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Created page with "==Clinical approach to dystocia in small animals== A thorough '''history''' regarding breeding dates and previous whelping history is desirable. '''Physical examination''' shoul..."
==Clinical approach to dystocia in small animals==
A thorough '''history''' regarding breeding dates and previous whelping history is desirable.
'''Physical examination''' should look for signs of systemic illness that, if present, may necessitate immediate cesarean section. The normal vaginal discharge at parturition is a '''dark green colour'''; abnormal colour or character warrants immediate attention. A dark green/black vaginal discharge associated with a lack of signs of parturition may indicate premature placental separation.
A '''digital vaginal examination''' should be performed to evaluate patency of the birth canal and the position and presentation of the fetus(es). Radiography or ultrasonography can determine the presence and number of fetuses, as well as their size, position, and viability.
'''Manipulation''' can be attempted in the case of reducible malpresentations or a dead foetus. This involves using digital manipulation sometimes combined with transabdominal manipulation to stabilise the foetus.
'''Medical management''' may be considered when the condition of the dam and fetuses is stable, when there is proper fetal position and presentation, and when there is no obstruction. '''Oxytocin''' given IM up to 3 times at 30-min intervals, with or without 10%
'''calcium gluconate''' given slowly IV in an attempt to promote uterine contractions. If no response follows, a cesarean section should be performed.
'''Caesarean section''' is indicated for obstructive dystocia, dystocia accompanied by shock or systemic illness, primary uterine inertia, prolonged active labor, or if medical management has failed.
==References==
Kahn, C. (2005) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual 9th Edition''' ''Merck and Co''
von Heimendahl, A. Cariou, M. (2009) '''Normal parturition and management of dystocia in dogs and cats''' ''In Practice'' 31:254-261
A thorough '''history''' regarding breeding dates and previous whelping history is desirable.
'''Physical examination''' should look for signs of systemic illness that, if present, may necessitate immediate cesarean section. The normal vaginal discharge at parturition is a '''dark green colour'''; abnormal colour or character warrants immediate attention. A dark green/black vaginal discharge associated with a lack of signs of parturition may indicate premature placental separation.
A '''digital vaginal examination''' should be performed to evaluate patency of the birth canal and the position and presentation of the fetus(es). Radiography or ultrasonography can determine the presence and number of fetuses, as well as their size, position, and viability.
'''Manipulation''' can be attempted in the case of reducible malpresentations or a dead foetus. This involves using digital manipulation sometimes combined with transabdominal manipulation to stabilise the foetus.
'''Medical management''' may be considered when the condition of the dam and fetuses is stable, when there is proper fetal position and presentation, and when there is no obstruction. '''Oxytocin''' given IM up to 3 times at 30-min intervals, with or without 10%
'''calcium gluconate''' given slowly IV in an attempt to promote uterine contractions. If no response follows, a cesarean section should be performed.
'''Caesarean section''' is indicated for obstructive dystocia, dystocia accompanied by shock or systemic illness, primary uterine inertia, prolonged active labor, or if medical management has failed.
==References==
Kahn, C. (2005) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual 9th Edition''' ''Merck and Co''
von Heimendahl, A. Cariou, M. (2009) '''Normal parturition and management of dystocia in dogs and cats''' ''In Practice'' 31:254-261