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Also known as: '''''Dog lungworm — Oslerus osleri'''''
Also known as: '''''Dog lungworm — Osterus osleri
{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
|name = ''Filaroides osleri
|name = ''Filaroides osleri
}}
}}
==Hosts==
==Introduction==
Filaroides osleri is a metastrongyloid nematode that lives in '''granulomatous nodules''' located on the mucosal surface of the '''distal trachea, tracheal bifurcation and first division bronchi''' in '''dogs''' and wild canid species.
==Identification==
==Identification==
The adults are pale, thin [[:Category:Nematodes|nematodes]]. The female is larger than the male, at around 9-15mm in length.
The adults are pale, thin [[:Category:Nematodes|nematodes]]. The female is larger than the male, at around 9-15mm in length.
==Life Cycle==
==Life Cycle==
This is a direct life cycle, so forms the exception in the superfamily [[Category:Metastrongyloidea|''Metastrongyloidea'']]. The females are ovo-viviparous. The eggs are laid, and hatch within the trachea. They then transform into the larvae, which are coughed up and swallowed. They enter the intestine, and are past out in the faeces.
This is a direct life cycle, so forms the exception in the superfamily [[Category:Metastrongyloidea|''Metastrongyloidea'']]. The females are ovo-viviparous. The eggs are laid, and hatch within the trachea. They then transform into the larvae, which are coughed up and swallowed. They enter the intestine, and are passed out in the faeces.
The bitch may transfer the larvae to the pup '''during grooming''', or infection may come about via '''ingestion of the larvae'''. The larvae '''mature and travel to the lungs'''.
The prepatent period is '''10-18 weeks'''.
==Clinical signs==
The primary clinical signs is a '''chronic cough'''.
Progressively enlarging granulomatous nodules may obstruct airflow and lead to signs such as '''exercise intolerance, dyspnoea or even death'''.
'''Spontaneous pneumothorax''' can occur extremely rarely.
==Diagnosis==
The tracheobronchial nodules may occasionally be detected '''radiographically''' as large, space-occupying masses protruding into the tracheal lumen near the bifurcation.
'''Bronchoscopic visualisation''' is the best way to detect the mucosal nodules.
'''Bronchial washings''' may then reveal larvated ova and larvae with a kinked tail.
'''Faeces''' can be examined for larvae, but this is less rewarding.
'''Zinc-sulphate centrifugation/flotation''' is preferred to the Baermann method as the larvae are lethargic and do not migrate out of the faecal mass.
==Treatment==
Endoscopic examination and '''removal of the nodules''' is essential for a successful outcome.
A good clinical response may be seen using extended courses of '''ivermectin, fenbendazole, albendazole and levamisole'''. This does not always clear the nodules on follow-up bronchoscopy.
In a '''breeding colony''', bitches should be '''treated before whelping''', and pups should be separated from older infected dogs to prevent horizontal transmission by ingestion of infected faeces. In infected dogs, good hygiene is essential, and pups could be '''hand-raised''' or foster-reared on uninfected bitches.
==References==
Taylor, M.A, Coop, R.L., Wall,R.L. (2007) '''Veterinary Parasitology''' ''Blackwell Publishing''
King, L. (2004) '''Textbook of respiratory disease in dogs and cats''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''
Pinckney, R. D. (2000) '''Canine Filaroides infection in Companion and Exotic Animal Parasitology''' ''IVIS publication''
==Literature Search==
==Literature Search==
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=%22Filaroides+osleri%22&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=OR&q2=%22Osterus+osleri%22&occuring2=title&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=51&y=13&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all ''Filaroides osleri'' publications]
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=%22Filaroides+osleri%22&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=OR&q2=%22Osterus+osleri%22&occuring2=title&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=51&y=13&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all ''Filaroides osleri'' publications]
{{review}}
[[Category:Metastrongyloidea]][[Category:Dog_Nematodes]]
[[Category:Metastrongyloidea]][[Category:Dog_Nematodes]]
[[Category:Expert_Review]]
[[Category:Expert_Review]]
[[Category:Respiratory Parasitic Infections]]
[[Category:Respiratory Parasitic Infections]]
[[Category:To Do - Helen]]
[[Category:To Do - Review]]