Changes

====General Somatic Afferent (GSA)====

====General Somatic Afferent (GSA)====

This type of fibre is used in the majority of basic senses including temperature, touch and pain. These fibres mainly supply sensation to various areas of the head including to the skin and face via the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V); to the skin of the external ear via the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V), the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX) and via the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X); to the mucosae of the oral cavity via the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) and to the meningies of the brain via the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) and the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X).

This type of fibre is used in the majority of basic senses including temperature, touch and pain. These fibres mainly supply sensation to various areas of the head including to the skin and face via the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V); to the skin of the external ear via the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V), the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX) and via the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X); to the mucosae of the oral cavity via the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) and to the meningies of the brain via the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) and the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X).

=====Skin Sensation: Example Nerve Route=====

=====Skin Sensation Example=====

''Sensory cortex —→ Thalamus —→ Trigeminal nuclei —→ Trigeminal ganglion —→ Skin etc.''

''Sensory cortex —→ Thalamus —→ Trigeminal nuclei —→ Trigeminal ganglion —→ Skin etc.''

====Special Somatic Afferent (SSA)====

====Special Somatic Afferent (SSA)====

The special signifies that this fibre type is found in nerves related to the special senses which include vision and hearing. This therefore relates to the optic nerves (cranial nerve II) and the auditory/vestibular systems which are the vestibulocochlear nerves (cranial nerve VIII).

The special signifies that this fibre type is found in nerves related to the special senses which include vision and hearing. This therefore relates to the optic nerves (cranial nerve II) and the auditory/vestibular systems which are the vestibulocochlear nerves (cranial nerve VIII).

=====Vision: Example Nerve Route=====

=====Vision Example=====

''Occipital cortex —→ Thalamus MGN —→ Rostral colliculus/Retinal ganglion cell —→ Bipolar cell —→ [[Eye - Anatomy & Physiology|Vision]]''

''Occipital cortex —→ Thalamus MGN —→ Rostral colliculus/Retinal ganglion cell —→ Bipolar cell —→ [[Eye - Anatomy & Physiology|Vision]]''

=====Hearing: Example Nerve Route=====

=====Hearing Example=====

''Temporal cortex —→ Thalamus MGN —→ Caudal colliculus and hindbrain —→ Spiral ganglion —→ [[Ear - Anatomy & Physiology|Hearing]]''

''Temporal cortex —→ Thalamus MGN —→ Caudal colliculus and hindbrain —→ Spiral ganglion —→ [[Ear - Anatomy & Physiology|Hearing]]''

====General Visceral Afferent (GVA)====

====General Visceral Afferent (GVA)====

This fibre type is commonly found in sensory nerves to organs and to sensory tissues related to chemicals. These include fibres found in the glossopharyngeal nerves (cranial nerve IX) and the vagus nerves (cranial nerve X).

This fibre type is commonly found in sensory nerves to organs and to sensory tissues related to chemicals. These include fibres found in the glossopharyngeal nerves (cranial nerve IX) and the vagus nerves (cranial nerve X).

=====Organ Sensory: Example Nerve Route=====

=====Organ Sensory Example=====

''Sensory cortex —→ Thalamus —→ Cranial nerve nuculi —→ Nerve ganglion —→ Organs etc.''

''Sensory cortex —→ Thalamus —→ Cranial nerve nuculi —→ Nerve ganglion —→ Organs etc.''

====Special Visceral Afferent (SVA)====

====Special Visceral Afferent (SVA)====

This fibre type is found again in special sense organs related to the sensing of chemicals and therefore including taste and olfaction. The olfactory sense relates to the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I) and the taste senses relate to the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX) and the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X). The sense of taste is performed by the gustatory organ which are cells located in gustatory papillae in the mucous membrane of the dorsal side of the tongue. Taste buds can also be found in the soft palate, pharynx, larynx, lips and cheeks.

This fibre type is found again in special sense organs related to the sensing of chemicals and therefore including taste and olfaction. The olfactory sense relates to the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I) and the taste senses relate to the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX) and the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X). The sense of taste is performed by the gustatory organ which are cells located in gustatory papillae in the mucous membrane of the dorsal side of the tongue. Taste buds can also be found in the soft palate, pharynx, larynx, lips and cheeks.

=====Olfaction: Example Nerve Route=====

=====Olfaction Example=====

''Priform cortex —→ Olfactory tubercle —→ Olfactory Bulb —→ [[Nose - Anatomy & Physiology|Smell]]''

''Priform cortex —→ Olfactory tubercle —→ Olfactory Bulb —→ [[Nose - Anatomy & Physiology|Smell]]''

=====Taste: Example Nerve Route=====

=====Taste: Example Nerve Route=====

====General Somatic Efferent (GSE)====

====General Somatic Efferent (GSE)====

This type of nerve fibre is mainly found in nerves supplying [[Muscles_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Skeletal_Muscle|skeletal muscles]]. Motor fibres such as these undertake numerous roles within the body such as control over the external ocular muscles via the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III), the trochlear nerve (cranial nerve IV) and the abducent nerve (cranial nerve VI); or for example the muscles around the dorsal and ventral neck including the brachiocephalicus, trapezius, omotransversarius and the sternocephalicus which are all supplied by the accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI).

This type of nerve fibre is mainly found in nerves supplying [[Muscles_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Skeletal_Muscle|skeletal muscles]]. Motor fibres such as these undertake numerous roles within the body such as control over the external ocular muscles via the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III), the trochlear nerve (cranial nerve IV) and the abducent nerve (cranial nerve VI); or for example the muscles around the dorsal and ventral neck including the brachiocephalicus, trapezius, omotransversarius and the sternocephalicus which are all supplied by the accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI).

=====Motor Nerve Innervation: Example Nerve Route=====

=====Motor Nerve Innervation Example=====

''Motor cortex —→ Motor nuculi —→ Muscle''

''Motor cortex —→ Motor nuculi —→ Muscle''

====General Visceral Efferent (GVE)====

====General Visceral Efferent (GVE)====

This type of nerve fibre is found in nerves supplying [[Muscles_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Smooth_Muscle|smooth muscle]], [[Muscles_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Cardiac_Muscle|cardiac muscle]] and glands. Sympathetic innervation for this type of nerve fibre comes directly from the cranial cervical ganglion. However, parasympathetic innervation comes from several cranial nerves including the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III), the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII), the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX) and the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X). Examples of where this type of fibre functions include the pupillary sphinter via the oculomotor nerve, glands of the nasal/oral cavity via the vestibulocochlear and glossopharyngeal nerves and thoracic/abdominal viscera via the vagus nerve.

This type of nerve fibre is found in nerves supplying [[Muscles_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Smooth_Muscle|smooth muscle]], [[Muscles_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Cardiac_Muscle|cardiac muscle]] and glands. Sympathetic innervation for this type of nerve fibre comes directly from the cranial cervical ganglion. However, parasympathetic innervation comes from several cranial nerves including the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III), the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII), the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX) and the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X). Examples of where this type of fibre functions include the pupillary sphinter via the oculomotor nerve, glands of the nasal/oral cavity via the vestibulocochlear and glossopharyngeal nerves and thoracic/abdominal viscera via the vagus nerve.

=====Gland Innervation: Example Nerve Route=====

=====Gland Innervation Example=====

''Brainstem —→ Parasympathetic nuculi —→ Parasympathetic ganglion —→ Gland etc.''

''Brainstem —→ Parasympathetic nuculi —→ Parasympathetic ganglion —→ Gland etc.''