Changes

'''Surgical treatment''':  

'''Surgical treatment''':  

The surgical options for managing gastric disease are limited since the equine stomach is difficult to access surgically.  Extending the midline laparotomy incision cranially may improve access slightly but also increases the risk of post operative wound problems.<ref name="Proudman">Proudman, C.J, Baker, S.J (1994) Satellite Article: Gastric disease in the adult horse: a clinical perspective.  ''Equine Vet Educ'', 6(4):178-184.</ref>  Gastrotomy and removal of impacted food material has been reported<ref>Clayton-Jones, D.G, Greatorex, J.C, Stockman, M.J.R, Harris, C.P.J (1972) Gastric impaction in a pony: Relief via laparotomy.  ''Equine Vet J'', 4:98-99.  In: Proudman, C.J, Baker, S.J (1994) ''Satellite Article'': Gastric disease in the adult horse: a clinical perspective.  ''Equine Vet Educ'', 6(4):178-184.</ref>but carries a high risk of gross peritoneal contamination. For gastric rupture, surgical success has been reported for repairing partial thickness tears<ref>Steenhaut, M, Vlaminck, K, Gasthuys, F (1986) Surgical repair of a partial gastric rupture in a horse.  ''Equine Vet J'', 18:331-332.  In: Sanchez, L.C (2010) ''Other Disorders of the Stomach'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 15.</ref> and also in one case of a full thickness rupture.<ref>Hogan, P.M, Bramlage, L.R, Pierce, S.W (1995) Repair of a full-thickness gastric rupture in a horse.  ''J Am Vet Med Assoc'', 207:338-340.  In: Sanchez, L.C (2010) ''Other Disorders of the Stomach'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 15.</ref>

The surgical options for managing gastric disease are limited since the equine stomach is difficult to access surgically.  Extending the midline laparotomy incision cranially may improve access slightly but also increases the risk of post operative wound problems.<ref name="Proudman">Proudman, C.J, Baker, S.J (1994) Satellite Article: Gastric disease in the adult horse: a clinical perspective.  ''Equine Vet Educ'', 6(4):178-184.</ref>  Gastrotomy and removal of impacted food material has been reported<ref>Clayton-Jones, D.G, Greatorex, J.C, Stockman, M.J.R, Harris, C.P.J (1972) Gastric impaction in a pony: Relief via laparotomy.  ''Equine Vet J'', 4:98-99.  In: Proudman, C.J, Baker, S.J (1994) ''Satellite Article'': Gastric disease in the adult horse: a clinical perspective.  ''Equine Vet Educ'', 6(4):178-184.</ref> but carries a high risk of gross peritoneal contamination. For gastric rupture, surgical success has been reported for repairing partial thickness tears<ref>Steenhaut, M, Vlaminck, K, Gasthuys, F (1986) Surgical repair of a partial gastric rupture in a horse.  ''Equine Vet J'', 18:331-332.  In: Sanchez, L.C (2010) ''Other Disorders of the Stomach'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 15.</ref> and also in one case of a full thickness rupture.<ref>Hogan, P.M, Bramlage, L.R, Pierce, S.W (1995) Repair of a full-thickness gastric rupture in a horse.  ''J Am Vet Med Assoc'', 207:338-340.  In: Sanchez, L.C (2010) ''Other Disorders of the Stomach'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 15.</ref>

==Prognosis==

==Prognosis==