Changes

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

Diagnosis is usually made by exclusion of other causes of weight loss and '''gastroscopy'''.  '''Haematology''' may reveal a normocytic anaemia, neutrophilia, hypoalbuminaemia,<ref name="Olsen2">Olsen, S.N (1992) Squamous-cell carcinoma of the equine stomach: a report of 5 cases.  ''Vet Rec'', 131:170-173.</ref>hyperfibrinogenaemia and hyperglobulinaemia.<ref name="McKenzie">McKenzie, E.C, Mills, J.N, Bolton, J.R (1997) Gastric squamous cell carcinoma in three horses.  ''Aust Vet J'', 75(7):480-3.</ref>  '''Hypercalcaemia of malignancy''' may also be noted.<ref name="Talor">Taylor S.D, Haldorson, G.J, Vaughan, B, Pusterla, N (2009) Gastric neoplasia in horses.  ''J Vet Intern Med'', 23(5):1097-102.</ref>  [[Colic Diagnosis - Abdominocentesis|Abdominocentesis]] may demonstrate abnormal peritoneal effusions with neoplastic cells, inflammatory exudates<ref name="McKenzie">McKenzie, E.C, Mills, J.N, Bolton, J.R (1997) Gastric squamous cell carcinoma in three horses.  ''Aust Vet J'', 75(7):480-3.</ref> and elevated total protein concentrations.<ref>Tennant, B, Keirn, D.R, White, K.K, Bentinck-Smith, J, King, J.M (1982) Six cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the stomach of the horse.  ''Equine Vet J'', 14(3):238-43.</ref>  [[Colic Diagnosis - Abdominal Ultrasound|Abdominal ultrasound]] may also help to locate metastases.  The most common finding in the stomach at ''post-mortem'' is a single ulcerated, necrotic mass in the squamous region.<ref name="Talor">Taylor S.D, Haldorson, G.J, Vaughan, B, Pusterla, N (2009) Gastric neoplasia in horses.  ''J Vet Intern Med'', 23(5):1097-102.</ref>  There may also be nodules lining the peritoneum.<ref name="Olsen2">Olsen, S.N (1992) Squamous-cell carcinoma of the equine stomach: a report of 5 cases.  ''Vet Rec'', 131:170-173.</ref>

Diagnosis is usually made by exclusion of other causes of weight loss and '''gastroscopy'''.  '''Haematology''' may reveal a normocytic anaemia, neutrophilia, hypoalbuminaemia,<ref name="Olsen2">Olsen, S.N (1992) Squamous-cell carcinoma of the equine stomach: a report of 5 cases.  ''Vet Rec'', 131:170-173.</ref>hyperfibrinogenaemia and hyperglobulinaemia.<ref name="McKenzie">McKenzie, E.C, Mills, J.N, Bolton, J.R (1997) Gastric squamous cell carcinoma in three horses.  ''Aust Vet J'', 75(7):480-3.</ref>  '''Hypercalcaemia of malignancy''' may also be noted.<ref name="Talor">Taylor S.D, Haldorson, G.J, Vaughan, B, Pusterla, N (2009) Gastric neoplasia in horses.  ''J Vet Intern Med'', 23(5):1097-102.</ref>  [[Abdominocentesis]] may demonstrate abnormal [[Colic - Peritoneal Fluid Analysis|peritoneal effusions]] with neoplastic cells, inflammatory exudates<ref name="McKenzie">McKenzie, E.C, Mills, J.N, Bolton, J.R (1997) Gastric squamous cell carcinoma in three horses.  ''Aust Vet J'', 75(7):480-3.</ref> and elevated total protein concentrations.<ref>Tennant, B, Keirn, D.R, White, K.K, Bentinck-Smith, J, King, J.M (1982) Six cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the stomach of the horse.  ''Equine Vet J'', 14(3):238-43.</ref>  [[Colic Diagnosis - Abdominal Ultrasound|Abdominal ultrasound]] may also help to locate metastases.  The most common finding in the stomach at ''post-mortem'' is a single ulcerated, necrotic mass in the squamous region.<ref name="Talor">Taylor S.D, Haldorson, G.J, Vaughan, B, Pusterla, N (2009) Gastric neoplasia in horses.  ''J Vet Intern Med'', 23(5):1097-102.</ref>  There may also be nodules lining the peritoneum.<ref name="Olsen2">Olsen, S.N (1992) Squamous-cell carcinoma of the equine stomach: a report of 5 cases.  ''Vet Rec'', 131:170-173.</ref>

==Treatment and Prognosis==

==Treatment and Prognosis==