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The olfactory organ in dogs is extremely well developed and species such as canines use olfaction to orientate themselves in an environment in a way that humans do not. Olfactory cells are continuously replaced and are only viable sensory cells for between 30 - 60 days. This point is of importance as this is the only area in which nerve cells are able to be replaced or regenerated in adult animals and this area is now under research at Cambridge University for the treatment of damaged nerves and/or nerve disorders in nerves other than those involved in olfaction.

The olfactory organ in dogs is extremely well developed and species such as canines use olfaction to orientate themselves in an environment in a way that humans do not. Olfactory cells are continuously replaced and are only viable sensory cells for between 30 - 60 days. This point is of importance as this is the only area in which nerve cells are able to be replaced or regenerated in adult animals and this area is now under research at Cambridge University for the treatment of damaged nerves and/or nerve disorders in nerves other than those involved in olfaction.

===Optic Nerve (II)===

===Optic Nerve (II)===

The optic nerve is part of the special senses cranial nerves and represents the connection between the receptor cells of the [[Eye_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#The_Wall_.28retina.2C_uvea_and_sclera.29|retina]] and the diencephalon. The optic nerve is a sensory nerve and is composed of '''Special Somatic Afferent fibres'''. The optic nerve passes through the '''optic chiasm''' which is an area of the ventral brain where both optic nerves run in a medial direction and eventually decussate. The optic nerve runs through the '''optic canal'''.

The optic nerve is part of the special senses cranial nerves and represents the connection between the receptor cells of the [[Eye_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#The_Wall_.28retina.2C_uvea_and_sclera.29|retina]] and the [[Forebrain_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|diencephalon]]. The optic nerve is a sensory nerve and is composed of '''Special Somatic Afferent fibres'''. The optic nerve passes through the [[Skull_and_Facial_Muscles_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Sphenoid_Bone_.28os_sphenoidale.29|'''optic chiasm''']] which is an area of the ventral brain where both optic nerves run in a medial direction and eventually decussate. The optic nerve runs through the [[Skull_and_Facial_Muscles_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Sphenoid_Bone_.28os_sphenoidale.29|'''optic canal''']].

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The optic nerve can be examined clinically via a menace response and anopsia (loss of vision) can be seen in injury.

The optic nerve can be examined clinically via a [[Neurological_Eye_Examination_-_Horse#Menace_Response|menace response]] and anopsia (loss of vision) can be seen in injury.

===Oculomotor nerve (III)===

===Oculomotor nerve (III)===