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Created page with "Also known as: '''''Thrush — Sour Crop — Crop Mycosis''''' ==Introduction== [[Image:Sour Crop.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Sour Crop - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, ..."
Also known as: '''''Thrush — Sour Crop — Crop Mycosis'''''
==Introduction==
[[Image:Sour Crop.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Sour Crop - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]
Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by [[Candida spp.|''Candida'' spp.]], most commonly ''Candida ablicans'' that affects many species (see [[Candidiasis]]).
==Signalment==
Candidiasis is common in '''neonatal psittacine birds'''. It occurs primarily as a result of '''immunosuppression''' and '''trauma''' to the [[Crop - Anatomy & Physiology|ingluvies]]. Hypothermia, feeding too cold or too hot formula which results in crop-burn, poor nutrition, longterm antibiotic therapy, hypovitaminosis A and systemic illness from other causes are all predisposing causes.
==Clinical Signs==
The bird may present with '''inflammation''' and '''delayed emptying''' of the '''ingluvies'''. On examination of the crop surrounding structures, there are normally grey-white lesions and a whitish necrotic material present. There may also be thickening of the crop wall.
==Diagnosis==
Diagnosis is based on '''identification of oval yeasts''' and '''hyphae''' on '''cytological smears''' taken from swabs and crop washes or aspirates. '''Wrights stain''' can be used to demonstrate the yeasts. There should be no evidence of an inflammatory response. The presence of '''hyphae''' indicates that the crop may have been penetrated and the infection has '''spread systemically'''.
==Treatment==
An '''antifungal drug''' is indicated for the treatment of candidiasis. The presence of hyphae is suggestive of invasion of the mucosa by the yeast and the potential for a systemic infection. Therefore, a '''systemic antifungal''' such as oral itraconazole (for 7 days) is recommended along with a topical antifungal such as nystatin BID or TID for 7–10 days.
==Prognosis==
The presence of hyphae on cytological examination suggests a severe infection and potential systemic spread, and therefore a '''poor''' prognosis. Without evidence of hyphae the prognosis is improved.
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Avian Medicine Q&A 16]]
}}
==References==
Forbes NA & Altman RB (1998) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review Avian Medicine''' ''Manson Publishing Ltd''
Girling, S (2004) '''Diseases of the digestive tract of psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 2004 26: 146-15''
Merck & Co (2009) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual''' (Ninth Edition), ''Merial''
{{review}}
[[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Birds]]
[[Category:Expert Review - Exotics]]
==Introduction==
[[Image:Sour Crop.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Sour Crop - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]
Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by [[Candida spp.|''Candida'' spp.]], most commonly ''Candida ablicans'' that affects many species (see [[Candidiasis]]).
==Signalment==
Candidiasis is common in '''neonatal psittacine birds'''. It occurs primarily as a result of '''immunosuppression''' and '''trauma''' to the [[Crop - Anatomy & Physiology|ingluvies]]. Hypothermia, feeding too cold or too hot formula which results in crop-burn, poor nutrition, longterm antibiotic therapy, hypovitaminosis A and systemic illness from other causes are all predisposing causes.
==Clinical Signs==
The bird may present with '''inflammation''' and '''delayed emptying''' of the '''ingluvies'''. On examination of the crop surrounding structures, there are normally grey-white lesions and a whitish necrotic material present. There may also be thickening of the crop wall.
==Diagnosis==
Diagnosis is based on '''identification of oval yeasts''' and '''hyphae''' on '''cytological smears''' taken from swabs and crop washes or aspirates. '''Wrights stain''' can be used to demonstrate the yeasts. There should be no evidence of an inflammatory response. The presence of '''hyphae''' indicates that the crop may have been penetrated and the infection has '''spread systemically'''.
==Treatment==
An '''antifungal drug''' is indicated for the treatment of candidiasis. The presence of hyphae is suggestive of invasion of the mucosa by the yeast and the potential for a systemic infection. Therefore, a '''systemic antifungal''' such as oral itraconazole (for 7 days) is recommended along with a topical antifungal such as nystatin BID or TID for 7–10 days.
==Prognosis==
The presence of hyphae on cytological examination suggests a severe infection and potential systemic spread, and therefore a '''poor''' prognosis. Without evidence of hyphae the prognosis is improved.
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Avian Medicine Q&A 16]]
}}
==References==
Forbes NA & Altman RB (1998) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review Avian Medicine''' ''Manson Publishing Ltd''
Girling, S (2004) '''Diseases of the digestive tract of psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 2004 26: 146-15''
Merck & Co (2009) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual''' (Ninth Edition), ''Merial''
{{review}}
[[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Birds]]
[[Category:Expert Review - Exotics]]