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→Introduction
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Also known as: '''''Urethral Calculi — Urinary Calculi'''''
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
[[File:Struvite crystals dog with scale 1.JPG|200px|right|thumb|Struvite crystals (sourced from Wikipedia.org)]]
[[File:Calcium oxalate crystals in urine.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Calcium oxalate (sourced from Wikipedia.org)]]
Urolithiasis is the main cause of obstruction in the lower urinary tract. Although it occurs in both males and females, urolithiasis is '''more common in mammalian males''' due to their long, narrow urethra.
Urolithiasis is the main cause of obstruction in the lower urinary tract. Although it occurs in both males and females, urolithiasis is '''more common in mammalian males''' due to their long, narrow urethra.
===Types of Uroliths===
===Types of Uroliths===
'''Struvite'''
'''Struvite'''
:most common urolith in small animals commonly associated with infection by urease producing organisms such as [[:Category:Staphylococcus species|''Staphylococcus'']] or ''[[Proteus]]''
:most common urolith in small animals commonly associated with '''infection''' by urease producing organisms such as [[:Category:Staphylococcus species|''Staphylococcus'']] or ''[[Proteus]]''
:more common in females due to increased susceptibility to urinary tract infections
:more common in females due to increased susceptibility to urinary tract infections
:formation enhanced by the presence of alkaline urine
:formation enhanced by the presence of alkaline urine
:struvite uroliths may contain calcium and become '''radiodense''' on radiographs
'''Calcium oxalate'''
'''Calcium oxalate'''
:form due to supersaturation of urine with calcium
:form due to supersaturation of urine with calcium
:often have spine-like projections
:often have spine-like projections
:markedly '''radiodense''' on radiographs
'''Urate'''
'''Urate'''
:Dalmations predisposed, urolith of birds
:'''Dalmations''' predisposed, urolith of birds
:urolith associated with hepatic disease, especially [[Portosystemic Shunt|'''portosystemic shunts''']]
:'''radiolucent''' on radiographs
'''Cystine'''
'''Cystine'''
:occurs with cystinuria
:occurs with cystinuria
:'''radiodense''' on radiographs, but may occasionally be radiolucent
'''Calcium carbonate'''
'''Calcium carbonate'''
:occurs in horses
:occurs in horses
:'''radiodense''' on radiographs
'''Silica'''
'''Silica'''
:occurs in pastured ruminants, development may be related to diet
:occurs in pastured ruminants, development may be related to diet
:'''radiodense''' on radiographs
==Clinical Signs==
==Clinical Signs==
{{Learning
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Avian Medicine Q&A 18]]
|flashcards = [[Feline Medicine Q&A 21]]<br>[[Avian Medicine Q&A 18]]
}}
{{Chapter}}
{{Mansonchapter
|chapterlink = http://www.mansonpublishing.co.uk/book-images/9781840761283_sample.pdf
|chaptername = Struvite stones
|book = A Colour Handbook - Urinary Stones in Small Animal Medicine
|author = Albrecht Hesse, Reto Neiger
|isbn = 9781840761283
}}
}}
{{review}}
{{review}}
{{OpenPages}}
[[Category:Urological Diseases - Dog]]
[[Category:Urological Diseases - Dog]]
[[Category:Urological Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Urological Diseases - Cat]]