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==Introduction==

==Introduction==

Turkey Rhinotracheitis Virus is a '''[[Paramyxoviridae |paramyxovirus]]''' causing '''respiratory disease''' in turkeys and chickens. It is one of the most important [[Viruses |viral]] respiratory diseases of turkeys.

Avian Pneumovirus is a pneumovirus, a type of '''[[Paramyxoviridae |paramyxovirus]]''' causing '''respiratory disease''' in turkeys and chickens. It is one of the most important [[Viruses |viral]] respiratory diseases of turkeys.

TRV is not zoonotic.

TRV is not zoonotic.

   

   

==Distribution==

==Distribution==

The virus is widespread in '''Europe'''. It is thought to be present in Asia, Africa, South America and North America too.

The virus is widespread in '''Europe'''. It is known to be present in Asia, Africa, the Middle East South America and North America too.

TRTV can replicate in the reproductive and respiratory systems. Its transmission is mainly oral.

TRTV can replicate in the reproductive and respiratory systems. Its transmission is mainly oral.

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

'''Turkeys''' appear most susceptible to the disease although other domestic fowl can be infected. '''Intensive''' rearing systems with high stocking density are conducive to spread of the disease.

'''Turkeys''' are generally more susceptible to the disease than chickens, and other domesticated species e.g. pheasants, guinea fowl, are affected. '''Intensive''' rearing systems with high stocking density are conducive to spread of the disease.

==Clinical Signs==

==Clinical Signs==

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

Serological diagnosis can be achieved by '''[[ELISA testing |ELISA]]'''. '''[[Immunofluorescence|Indirect immunofluorescence]]''' and '''viral neutralisation''' can be applied to tissue sections.

Serological diagnosis can be achieved by '''[[ELISA testing |ELISA]]'''. '''[[Immunofluorescence|Indirect immunofluorescence]]''' and '''viral neutralisation''' can be applied to tissue sections, though detection by RT-PCR is now the most common approach.

'''Viral isolation''' can be attempted from nasal turbinates, trachea or exudates and is easiest in turkeys.

'''Viral isolation''' can be attempted from nasal turbinates, trachea or exudates, oesophagus and buccal cavity, and is most successful in turkeys.

'''Necropsy''' findings can also be suggestive:

'''Necropsy''' findings can also be suggestive:

==Control==

==Control==

'''[[Vaccines]]''' are available against Type A and B TRV and are the main form of control in endemic countries. Killed vaccines must be first '''primed''' with a live vaccine to be effective.

'''[[Vaccines]]''' are available against type A and B TRV for both turkeys and chickens, and are the main form of control in endemic countries. Killed vaccines must be first '''primed''' with a live vaccine to be effective.

Good '''biosecurity''' should always be practised including particular attention to storage and disposal of carcasses on the unit. Air quality should be monitored and maximised and birds of different ages segregated wherever possible.

Good '''biosecurity''' should always be practised including particular attention to storage and disposal of carcasses on the unit. Air quality should be monitored and maximised and birds of different ages segregated wherever possible.