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| ==Introduction== | | ==Introduction== |
| Anaphylaxis generally refers to the '''systemic anaphylactic reaction''', which is a severe [[Type I Hypersensitivity|type 1 hypersensitivity]] reaction after the animal has become sensitised to a substance. | | Anaphylaxis generally refers to the '''systemic anaphylactic reaction''', which is a severe [[Type I Hypersensitivity|type 1 hypersensitivity]] reaction after the animal has become sensitised to a substance. |
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− | It is '''mediated by IgE''' and characterised by the release of vasoactive substances from '''mast cells''' and basophils. | + | It is '''mediated by [[IgE]]''' and characterised by the release of vasoactive substances from '''[[Mast Cells|mast cells]]''' and [[basophils]]. |
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| Signs occur within '''seconds to minutes''' after exposure to the allergen. | | Signs occur within '''seconds to minutes''' after exposure to the allergen. |
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− | A multitude of agents can trigger anaphylaxis, including: '''foods, insect venoms from bites and stings, and any drug or blood product'''. | + | A multitude of agents can trigger anaphylaxis, including: '''foods, insect venoms from bites and stings, and any drug or [[Blood Products|blood product]]'''. |
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| The primary organs affected differ between cats and dogs. | | The primary organs affected differ between cats and dogs. |
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| All other organs are affected due to the resultant hypovolaemia and hypoxaemia. | | All other organs are affected due to the resultant hypovolaemia and hypoxaemia. |
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− | '''Disseminated intravascular coagulation''' (DIC) can lead to haemorrhages. | + | '''[[DIC|Disseminated intravascular coagulation''' (DIC)]] can lead to haemorrhages. |
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| ==Clinical Signs== | | ==Clinical Signs== |
− | In '''dogs''', these include: restlessness, '''[[Urticaria|urticaria]], angioedema''', nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, weakness, dyspnoae, collapse and possibly death. | + | In '''dogs''', these include: restlessness, '''[[Urticaria|urticaria]], angioedema''', nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, weakness, dyspnoea, collapse and possibly death. |
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| In '''cats''', these include: restlessness, pruritus, vocalisation, vomiting, defecation, weakness, tachypnoea, '''bronchoconstriction, laryngeal dysfunction''', pulmonary oedema and possibly death. | | In '''cats''', these include: restlessness, pruritus, vocalisation, vomiting, defecation, weakness, tachypnoea, '''bronchoconstriction, laryngeal dysfunction''', pulmonary oedema and possibly death. |
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| The timing of the clinical signs following exposure is often a valuable diagnostic clue. | | The timing of the clinical signs following exposure is often a valuable diagnostic clue. |
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− | At '''post-mortem''': dogs will show: hepatic and splanchnic congestion and gastrointestinal haemorrhage | + | At '''post-mortem''': dogs will show: hepatic and splanchnic congestion and gastrointestinal haemorrhage. |
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− | Cats will show: laryngeal oedema, bronchoconstriction, emphysema and pulmonary haemorrage. | + | Cats will show: laryngeal oedema, bronchoconstriction, emphysema and pulmonary haemorrhage. |
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
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| '''Glucocorticoids''' such as prednisolone or dexamethasone can antagonise the delayed mechanisms of the allergic reaction, but take several hours to act. | | '''Glucocorticoids''' such as prednisolone or dexamethasone can antagonise the delayed mechanisms of the allergic reaction, but take several hours to act. |
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− | '''Ancillary support''' for blood pressure include: '''fluids''' such as crystalloids or colloids to expand the intravascular volume. | + | '''Ancillary support''' for blood pressure include: [[:Category:Fluid Therapy|'''fluids''']] such as crystalloids or colloids to expand the intravascular volume. |
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| Vasopressors such as '''dopamine''' | | Vasopressors such as '''dopamine''' |
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| Mazzaferro, E. (2011) '''Blackwell's 5-minute consult clinical companion''' ''Wiley-Blackwell'' | | Mazzaferro, E. (2011) '''Blackwell's 5-minute consult clinical companion''' ''Wiley-Blackwell'' |
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− | [[Category:To Do - Helen]] | + | |
− | [[Category:To Do - Review]] | + | {{review}} |
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| + | [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Cat]] |
| + | [[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Dog]] |
| + | [[Category:Type I Hypersensitivity Diseases]] |
| + | [[Category:Expert Review]] |