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Streptococcus & Enterococcus Infections - Poultry (view source)
Revision as of 06:56, 1 September 2011
, 06:56, 1 September 2011no edit summary
Also Known As: '''''Apoplectiform Septicaemia — Enterococcosis — Sleeping Sickness — Streptococcosis'''''
Also Known As: '''''Enterococcosis — Streptococcosis'''''
Most commonly isolated: ''S. dysgalactiae — S. equi — S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus — S. bovis/S. gallylyticus — S. gallinaceus — S. mutans — S. pluranimalium — [[Streptococcus suis|S. suis]] — Enterococcus avium — E. cecorum — E. columbae — [[Enterococcus faecalis|E. faecalis]] — E. faecium — E. durans — E. gallinarum — E. hirae''
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
Streptococcal and enterococcal infections in poultry can cause '''acute septicaemia and chronic infections''' in affected birds.
Streptococcal and enterococcal infections in poultry can cause '''acute septicaemia and chronic infections''' in affected birds.
There are '''~40 recognised members of the [[Streptococci|''Streptococcus'' genus]] and 17 of ''Enterococcus'' spp.''' all are '''commensal organisms''', primarily of the [[Alimentary System|gastrointestinal]] tract and mucosal surfaces, in both animals and humans. Some are also ubiquitous in the environment.
There are '''~50 recognised members of the [[Streptococci|''Streptococcus'' genus]] and 21 of ''Enterococcus'' spp.''' all are '''commensal organisms''', primarily of the [[Alimentary System|gastrointestinal]] tract and mucosal surfaces, in both animals and humans. Some are also ubiquitous in the environment.
The majority of infections from these pathogens are '''opportunistic.'''
The majority of infections from these pathogens are '''opportunistic.'''
Many other species not discussed here have been isolated from healthy birds and are thought to be non-pathogenic.
Many other species not discussed here have been isolated from healthy birds and are thought to be non-pathogenic.
====''S. gallinaceus''====
Septicaemia and endocarditis in broiler parents.
====''S. gallolyticus''====
====''S. gallolyticus''====
====''S.mutans''====
====''S.mutans''====
'''Septicaemia and mortality in geese'''.<ref> Ivanics, é., Bitay, Z., Glávits, R (1984) '''Streptococcus mutans infection in geese.''' ''Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja'', 39(2):92-95; [5 fig.]; 20</ref>
'''Septicaemia and mortality in geese'''.<ref> Ivanics, é., Bitay, Z., Glávits, R (1984) '''Streptococcus mutans infection in geese.''' ''Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja'', 39(2):92-95; [5 fig.]; 20</ref>
====''S. pluranimalium''====
Associated with valvular endocarditis and septicaemia in adult broiler parents.
====''S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus''====
====''S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus''====
''E. durans'' can cause '''bacteraemia and encephalomalacia in young chicks'''.<ref> Cardona, C. J., Bickford, A. A., Charlton, B. R., Cooper, G. L (1993) '''Enterococcus durans infection in young chickens associated with bacteremia and encephalomalacia'''. ''Avian Diseases'', 37(1):234-239; 9</ref> ''E. hirae'' can also cause similar brain lesions.<ref> Randall, C. J., Wood, A. M., MacKenzie, G (1993) '''Encephalomalacia in first-week chicks'''. ''Veterinary Record'', 132(16):418; 2</ref>
''E. durans'' can cause '''bacteraemia and encephalomalacia in young chicks'''.<ref> Cardona, C. J., Bickford, A. A., Charlton, B. R., Cooper, G. L (1993) '''Enterococcus durans infection in young chickens associated with bacteremia and encephalomalacia'''. ''Avian Diseases'', 37(1):234-239; 9</ref> ''E. hirae'' can also cause similar brain lesions.<ref> Randall, C. J., Wood, A. M., MacKenzie, G (1993) '''Encephalomalacia in first-week chicks'''. ''Veterinary Record'', 132(16):418; 2</ref>
==Lesions==
On '''necropsy''', changes in chickens, ducks and turkeys are similar and various organs may be affected, dependent of the species involved. Septicaemic birds are the most common presentation, in which the '''liver is pale and friable and viscera within both abdominal and thoracic cavities are congested with yellow or orange-ish discolouration'''. There may be a '''sero-fibrinous or serosanguinous exudate''' covering some organs. The skin may be discoloured and crusting in cases of '''cellulitis/dermatitis and joint lesions''' possibly with '''yellow caseous exudates''' occur in septic arthritis. Vegetative lesions are indicative of endocarditis. Infarcts can be present in any organ. In birds with '''encephalomalacia''', lesions may be found anywhere except the cerebellum and yellow discolourations will be seen; malacia and heterophilic infiltration are visible microscopically. '''Pectoral muscle necrosis''' is pathognomic for ''S. gallolyticus'' septicaemia in pigeons.
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
The pathogens can then be cultured on sheep or ox '''blood agar, selective blood agar or MacConkey''' agar. Serological Lancefield testing can also be performed on beta haemolytic colonies.
The pathogens can then be cultured on sheep or ox '''blood agar, selective blood agar or MacConkey''' agar. Serological Lancefield testing can also be performed on beta haemolytic colonies.
The organism can often be visualised in microscopic sections as generic gram positive cocci.
The organism can often be visualised in microscopic sections as generic gram positive cocci.
|date =6 July 2011
|date =6 July 2011
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This article was reviewed by [http://www.bric.ku.dk/staff_dynamic/staff/description/?id=310904&f=3 Jens Peter Christensen, DVM, PhD] on 30/08/11.
[[Category:CABI Expert Review]] [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Birds]] [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Birds]] [[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Birds]] [[Category:Cardiovascular Diseases - Birds]] [[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Birds]] [[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Birds]]
[[Category:CABI Expert Review]] [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Birds]] [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Birds]] [[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Birds]] [[Category:Cardiovascular Diseases - Birds]] [[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Birds]] [[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Birds]]
[[Category:Expert Review Completed]]