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==Viral Infections==
==Viral Infections==
<u>'''Psittaciformes'''</u>
'''Pacheco's disease''' caused by a herpesvirus
:'''Pacheco's disease''' caused by a herpesvirus
:'''[[Polyomavirus|Avian polyomavirus]]'''
:'''Acute [[Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease]]'''
:'''[[Avian Adenoviruses|Adenovirus inclusion body hepatitis]]'''
:'''[[Avian Orthoreovirus|Reovirus-associated hepatitis]]'''
'''[[Polyomavirus|Avian polyomavirus]]'''
<u>'''Falconiformes'''</u>
:'''[[Avian Adenoviruses|Inclusion Body Hepatitis]]'''
'''Acute [[Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease]]'''
<u>'''Columbiformes, Strigiformes and others'''</u>
:'''Herpesvirus'''
'''Adenovirus inclusion body hepatitis'''
<u>'''Anseriformes'''</u>
'''[[Derzsy's Disease|Goose Virus Hepatitis]]'''
'''Reovirus-associated hepatitis'''
<u>'''Galliformes'''</u>
'''Goose Virus Hepatitis'''
'''[[Mareks Disease]]'''
'''[[Mareks Disease]]'''
===Gram-positive===
===Gram-positive===
''Staphylococcus'' and ''Streptococcus'' species are the most common organisms isolated. They '''disseminate through the blood''' from chronic necrotising skin lesions or can reach the liver by extension from adjacent air sacs.
''[[:Category:Staphylococcus species|Staphylococcus]]'' and ''[[:Category:Streptococcus species|Streptococcus]]'' species are the most common organisms isolated. They '''disseminate through the blood''' from chronic necrotising skin lesions or can reach the liver by extension from adjacent [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]].
''Clostridia'' are of intestinal origin and can cause hepatitis.
''[[:Category:Clostridium species|Clostridia]]'' are of intestinal origin and can cause hepatitis.
''Listeria monocytogenes'' can also cause disease, although it is a rare pathogen of birds.
''[[Listeria monocytogenes]]'' can also cause disease, although it is a rare pathogen of birds.
===Gram-negative===
===Gram-negative===
These are the most common causes of systemic bacterial infection.
These are the most common causes of systemic bacterial infection.
'''Members of the Enterobacteriaceae''', including ''E. coli'', ''Klebsiella'', ''Proteus'', ''Salmonella'', ''Yersinia'' and ''Enterobacter'' are common isolates.
'''Members of the [[:Category:Enterobacteriaceae|Enterobacteriaceae]]''', including ''[[E. coli]]'', ''[[Klebsiella]]'', ''[[Proteus]]'', ''[[Salmonella]]'', ''[[Yersinia]]'' and ''Enterobacter'' are common isolates.
This is usually secondary to invasion from the gut or extension up the biliary tree.
This is usually secondary to invasion from the gut or extension up the biliary tree.
==Parasites==
==Parasites==
'''Apicomplexa''': ''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]'' and ''[[Sarcocystis]]''
''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]''
''[[Sarcocystis]]''
'''Hemoprotozoa''': ''[[Plasmodium]]'', ''[[Leukocytozoon]]'' and ''Hemoproteus''
''[[Trichomonosis - Birds|Trichomonas gallinae]]'' infections which become generalised.
''[[Histomonas|Histomonas meleagridis]]'' which is predominantly a disease of turkeys.
'''Sarcomastigophora''': ''[[Trichomonosis - Birds|Trichomonas gallinae]]'' infections which become generalised, ''[[Histomonas|Histomonas meleagridis]]'' which is predominantly a disease of turkeys.
'''Microspora''': ''Encephalitozoon hellem''
''Encephalitozoon hellem''
==Toxic Hepatitis==
==Toxic Hepatitis==
==Idiopathic==
==Idiopathic==
'''Chronic-active hepatitis''', or cirrhosis, is common in psittacine birds, particularly parrots, cockatiels, mackaws and budgerigars. The cause of the hepatitis cannot be determined due to the chronicity of the lesions.
'''Chronic-active hepatitis''', or [[cirrhosis]], is common in psittacine birds, particularly parrots, cockatiels, mackaws and budgerigars. The cause of the hepatitis cannot be determined due to the chronicity of the lesions.
{{Learning
{{Learning
[[Category:To Do - Helen]]
{{review}}
[[Category:To Do - Review]]
[[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Birds]]
[[Category:Expert Review - Birds]]