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Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence (view source)
Revision as of 09:46, 8 September 2011
, 09:46, 8 September 2011Created page with "==Introduction== This is the a common cause of '''urinary incontinence in dogs''', especially '''neutered bitches''', although castrated male dogs and entire animals can also be ..."
==Introduction==
This is the a common cause of '''urinary incontinence in dogs''', especially '''neutered bitches''', although castrated male dogs and entire animals can also be affected.
SMI is most commonly seen as an acquired condition, but may also be seen as a congenital problem in young animals.
'''<u>Congenital SMI</u>''' may occur in conjunction with anatomical defects such as [[Ureteral Ectopia|ureteral ectopia]] and [[Intersex|intersexuality]]. It occurs most commonly in '''large-breed bitches'''. The urethra may be abnormally short of absent, but often no abnormalities are detected apart from a caudally-positioned bladder.
50% of congenital SMI bitches become continent '''following their first oestrus'''.
'''<u>Acquired SMI</u>''' usually follows '''spaying or castrating'''. It is a '''multifactorial disease''' involving: urethral tone, urethral length, bladder neck position, body size and breed, spaying, obesity and hormones. The urethra is usually shorter in affected bitches, and the bladder neck is usually '''intra pelvic'''.
Large and giant breeds are again at risk, in particular the '''Old English Sheepdog, Rottweiler, Doberman''', Weimaraner and Irish Setter.
The link between spaying and acquired SMI is probably due to the '''lack of circulating oestrogens'''. Spaying before the first season may increase the risk of developing the disease, and spayed animals are 8 times more likely to develop SMI than entire animals.
'''Obesity''' may be involved, and some incontinent dogs will improve following weight loss.
==Clinical Signs==
The presenting signs is usually '''passive urinary incontinence''' when the animal is recumbent.
Typically, the animal '''urinates normally''' between episodes of leakage.
The incontinence '''varies in severity''' and can improve or get progressively worse over time.
==Diagnosis==
Diagnosis is based on the history, clinical signs, and in some cases a response to treatment.
Physical examination is usually unremarkable.
Full investigation include:
:'''plain radiography''': intra-pelvic bladder and short urethra
:'''contrast radiography''': intravenous urogram and retrograde vaginourethrogram
:'''ultrasound''': to confirm emptying of ureters into the bladder
:'''urinalysis and bacteriology'''
:'''urodynamic testing''': urethral pressure profilometry
Diagnosis is usually based on the '''exclusion of all other likely causes''' (urinary tract infection, ectopic ureters, neoplasia) and the presence of a '''caudal bladder neck''' on radiography.
A '''positive response to treatment''' may be the only diagnosis possible if finance preclude further testing.
==Treatment==
Treatment can be medical or surgical.
'''Medical treatment''' aims to increase urethral tone and functional length. Drugs include:
:sympathomimetic drugs such as '''phenylpropanolamine''' or ephedrine
:'''exogenous oestrogens''': oestriol
:a combination of the above drugs
Phenylpropanolamine is the first choice and has also been used in male dogs.
In juvenile bitches with congenital SMI, 50% will spontaneously get better following their first season, and therefore these dogs '''should not be spayed''' before their first season and should '''not be given exogenous oestrogens'''. Phenylpropanolamine can be used instead.
There are numerous '''surgical treatments''' available, and involve:
:increasing urethral resistance: peri-urethral surgical '''slings''', '''artificial sphincters''', intra-urethral bulking agents
:increasing urethral length: bladder neck reconstruction techniques
:relocating the bladder to an intraabdominal position: '''colposuspension'''
'''Colposuspension''' carries the lowest complication rate, and the technique is as follows: via a caudal midline laparotomy, using the vagina as a sling, the bladder neck is brought cranially and kept in the intra-abdominal position by sutures placed from the pre-pubic tendon to the lateral walls of the vagina.
50% of animals are '''cured''' following colposuspension, and a further 40% are '''much improved'''. The rest are not generally made worse.
The '''choice of treatment''' is based on the owner's wishes, the age of the animal and its response to previous treatments.
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders Q&A 02]]
}}
==References==
Holt, P. (1999) '''Diagnosis and management of canine urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence''' ''Waltham Focus'' Vol 9 No 4
Gregory, S. (2010) '''Urinary Incontinence''' ''RVC student notes''
[[Category:To Do - Helen]]
[[Category:To Do - Review]]
This is the a common cause of '''urinary incontinence in dogs''', especially '''neutered bitches''', although castrated male dogs and entire animals can also be affected.
SMI is most commonly seen as an acquired condition, but may also be seen as a congenital problem in young animals.
'''<u>Congenital SMI</u>''' may occur in conjunction with anatomical defects such as [[Ureteral Ectopia|ureteral ectopia]] and [[Intersex|intersexuality]]. It occurs most commonly in '''large-breed bitches'''. The urethra may be abnormally short of absent, but often no abnormalities are detected apart from a caudally-positioned bladder.
50% of congenital SMI bitches become continent '''following their first oestrus'''.
'''<u>Acquired SMI</u>''' usually follows '''spaying or castrating'''. It is a '''multifactorial disease''' involving: urethral tone, urethral length, bladder neck position, body size and breed, spaying, obesity and hormones. The urethra is usually shorter in affected bitches, and the bladder neck is usually '''intra pelvic'''.
Large and giant breeds are again at risk, in particular the '''Old English Sheepdog, Rottweiler, Doberman''', Weimaraner and Irish Setter.
The link between spaying and acquired SMI is probably due to the '''lack of circulating oestrogens'''. Spaying before the first season may increase the risk of developing the disease, and spayed animals are 8 times more likely to develop SMI than entire animals.
'''Obesity''' may be involved, and some incontinent dogs will improve following weight loss.
==Clinical Signs==
The presenting signs is usually '''passive urinary incontinence''' when the animal is recumbent.
Typically, the animal '''urinates normally''' between episodes of leakage.
The incontinence '''varies in severity''' and can improve or get progressively worse over time.
==Diagnosis==
Diagnosis is based on the history, clinical signs, and in some cases a response to treatment.
Physical examination is usually unremarkable.
Full investigation include:
:'''plain radiography''': intra-pelvic bladder and short urethra
:'''contrast radiography''': intravenous urogram and retrograde vaginourethrogram
:'''ultrasound''': to confirm emptying of ureters into the bladder
:'''urinalysis and bacteriology'''
:'''urodynamic testing''': urethral pressure profilometry
Diagnosis is usually based on the '''exclusion of all other likely causes''' (urinary tract infection, ectopic ureters, neoplasia) and the presence of a '''caudal bladder neck''' on radiography.
A '''positive response to treatment''' may be the only diagnosis possible if finance preclude further testing.
==Treatment==
Treatment can be medical or surgical.
'''Medical treatment''' aims to increase urethral tone and functional length. Drugs include:
:sympathomimetic drugs such as '''phenylpropanolamine''' or ephedrine
:'''exogenous oestrogens''': oestriol
:a combination of the above drugs
Phenylpropanolamine is the first choice and has also been used in male dogs.
In juvenile bitches with congenital SMI, 50% will spontaneously get better following their first season, and therefore these dogs '''should not be spayed''' before their first season and should '''not be given exogenous oestrogens'''. Phenylpropanolamine can be used instead.
There are numerous '''surgical treatments''' available, and involve:
:increasing urethral resistance: peri-urethral surgical '''slings''', '''artificial sphincters''', intra-urethral bulking agents
:increasing urethral length: bladder neck reconstruction techniques
:relocating the bladder to an intraabdominal position: '''colposuspension'''
'''Colposuspension''' carries the lowest complication rate, and the technique is as follows: via a caudal midline laparotomy, using the vagina as a sling, the bladder neck is brought cranially and kept in the intra-abdominal position by sutures placed from the pre-pubic tendon to the lateral walls of the vagina.
50% of animals are '''cured''' following colposuspension, and a further 40% are '''much improved'''. The rest are not generally made worse.
The '''choice of treatment''' is based on the owner's wishes, the age of the animal and its response to previous treatments.
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders Q&A 02]]
}}
==References==
Holt, P. (1999) '''Diagnosis and management of canine urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence''' ''Waltham Focus'' Vol 9 No 4
Gregory, S. (2010) '''Urinary Incontinence''' ''RVC student notes''
[[Category:To Do - Helen]]
[[Category:To Do - Review]]