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Conjunctivitis is the '''most commonly diagnosed ocular disease''' in general practice.
Conjunctivitis is the '''most commonly diagnosed ocular disease''' in general practice.
There are many primary causes of conjunctivitis, but the conjunctiva are also commonly '''secondarily inflamed''' with almost all ocular and periocular disease including corneal inflammation/ulceration, episcleral and scleral disease, orbital disease, lid and cilia abnormalities, '''uveitis and glaucoma'''. Uncomplicated conjunctivitis should not involve changes within the eye, and so any '''intraocular signs''' indicated intraocular disease which has to be investigated first.
There are many primary causes of conjunctivitis, but the conjunctiva are also commonly '''secondarily inflamed''' with almost all ocular and periocular disease including corneal inflammation/ulceration, episcleral and scleral disease, orbital disease, lid and cilia abnormalities, '''[[uveitis]] and [[glaucoma]]'''. Uncomplicated conjunctivitis should not involve changes within the eye, and so any '''intraocular signs''' indicated intraocular disease which has to be investigated first.
'''Aetiologies''' for conjunctivitis include:
'''Aetiologies''' for conjunctivitis include:
:[[Canine Distemper Virus]]
:[[Canine Distemper Virus]]
:[[Canine Adenovirus 1]]
:[[Canine Adenovirus 1]]
:[[Feline Calicivirus]]
:Herpesvirus: in the [[Canine Herpesvirus 1|dog]], [[Equine Herpesvirus 1|horse]] and [[Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis|cow]]
'''''[[Chlamydophila felis]]'''''
'''Bacterial conjunctivitis''':
:Can be acute or chronic, various pathogens may be involved
'''''Mycoplasma'''''
:'''''[[Chlamydophila felis]]'''''
:'''''Mycoplasma'''''
'''Mycotic conjunctivitis'''
'''Mycotic conjunctivitis'''
'''Parasitic conjunctivitis''': ''[Thelazia lacrymalis|Thelazia]]''
'''Parasitic conjunctivitis''': ''[[Thelazia lacrymalis|Thelazia]]''
'''Sicca-related conjunctivitis''': KCS
'''Sicca-related conjunctivitis''': Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS)
'''Allergic/immune-mediated conjunctivitis'''
'''Allergic/immune-mediated conjunctivitis'''
'''Physical irritation'''
'''Physical irritation'''
In '''rabbits''' keratitis and conjunctivitis are usually observed as an extension of [[Dacryocystitis – Rabbit|dacryocystitis]], seldom being encountered as primary clinical entities in rabbits. Foreign bodies in the conjunctival fornix are surprisingly uncommon, especially considering the frequency of their appearance in pet guinea pigs which are often kept under the same conditions of husbandry as pet rabbits. Harrenstien et al <ref>Harrenstien, L. et al (1995) '''How to handle respiratory, ophthalmic, neurologic and dermatologic problems in rabbits''''': Veterinary Medicine ''90 (4) 373-380 </ref> list trauma from dust or bedding, fight wounds and primary or secondary entropion, distichiasis or trichiasis as causes.
==Clinical Signs==
==Clinical Signs==
'''Conjunctival biopsy''': to rule out neoplastic primary causes and goblet cell abnormalities
'''Conjunctival biopsy''': to rule out neoplastic primary causes and goblet cell abnormalities
Specific diagnostic tests for ''Chlamydophila felis'' and Feline Herpesvirus such as ELISA and PCR.
Specific diagnostic tests for ''Chlamydophila felis'' and Feline Herpesvirus such as [[ELISA]] and [[PCR]].
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
'''Corticosteroids''' can be helpful in non-infectious disorders, but should be avoided in cats where most conjunctivitides are infectious.
'''Corticosteroids''' can be helpful in non-infectious disorders, but should be avoided in cats where most conjunctivitides are infectious.
'''Topical cyclosporin''' is the licenced treatment of Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca.
'''Topical cyclosporin''' is the licensed treatment of Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca.
Topical and systemic '''antivirals''' are still being tested and the response to therapy is variable.
Topical and systemic '''antivirals''' are still being tested and the response to therapy is variable.
In '''rabbits''', treatment involves cleaning the conjunctival fornix followed by topical applications of broad spectrum antibiosis (covering ''Pasteurella'' spp or following sensitivity testing) with or without corticosteroids.
{{Learning
{{Learning
==References==
==References==
<references />
Holt, E. (2010) '''Ophthalmology''' ''RVC student notes''
Holt, E. (2010) '''Ophthalmology''' ''RVC student notes''
Martin, C. (2010) '''Ophthalmic disease in veterinary medicine''' ''Manson Publishing''
Martin, C. (2010) '''Ophthalmic disease in veterinary medicine''' ''Manson Publishing''
[[Category:To Do - Helen]]
[[Category:To Do - Review]]
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[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Horse]]
[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Dog]]
[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Rabbit Opthalmology]]
[[Category:Expert Review]]