Changes

Halitosis is the term used to describe a '''foul odour emanating from the oral cavity'''.

Halitosis is the term used to describe a '''foul odour emanating from the oral cavity'''.

The most common cause of halitosis is '''periodontal disease''', and the smell results from the bacterial populations associated with plaque, calculus, unhealthy tissues and decomposing food retained within the oral cavity.

The most common cause of halitosis is '''[[Periodontal Disease|periodontal disease]]''', and the smell results from the bacterial populations associated with plaque, calculus, unhealthy tissues and decomposing food retained within the oral cavity.

As plaque ages and becomes ingrained, the bacterial flora changes to a more '''motile, gram-negative anaerobic population''' such as ''Porphyromonas, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium'' and ''Actinomyces'' species. As periodontitis progressed to pocket formation, food debris and bacterial breakdown products accumulate within the pocket and result in halitosis.

As plaque ages and becomes ingrained, the bacterial flora changes to a more '''motile, gram-negative anaerobic population''' such as ''Porphyromonas, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium'' and ''Actinomyces'' species. As [[periodontitis]] progressed to pocket formation, food debris and bacterial breakdown products accumulate within the pocket and result in halitosis.

The bacteria generate volatile sulfur compounds such as '''hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan and volatile fatty acids'''.

The bacteria generate volatile sulfur compounds such as '''hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan and volatile fatty acids'''.

'''Metabolic''': [[Diabetes Mellitus|diabetes]], [[Uraemia|uraemia]]

'''Metabolic''': [[Diabetes Mellitus|diabetes]], [[Uraemia|uraemia]]

'''Respiratory''': sinusitis, rhinitis, neoplasia

'''Respiratory''': [[sinusitis]], [[rhinitis]], neoplasia

'''Gastrointestinal''': megaoesophagus, foreign body, neoplasia

'''Gastrointestinal''': [[megaoesophagus]], foreign body, neoplasia

'''Dermatological''': [[Lip Fold Dermatitis|lip fold dermatitis]]

'''Dermatological''': [[Lip Fold Dermatitis|lip fold dermatitis]]

Oral care products and tooth brushing also help control plaque and therefore the bacterial load.

Oral care products and tooth brushing also help control plaque and therefore the bacterial load.

The treatment of '''[[Periodontal Disease#Treatment|periodontal disease]]''' should be referred to.

The [[Periodontal Disease#Treatment|treatment of '''periodontal disease]]''' should be referred to.

Lobprise, H. (2007) '''Blackwell's Five Minute Consult Clinical Companion: Small Animal Dentistry''' ''Wiley-Blackwell''

Lobprise, H. (2007) '''Blackwell's Five Minute Consult Clinical Companion: Small Animal Dentistry''' ''Wiley-Blackwell''

[[Category:To Do - Helen]]

 

[[Category:To Do - Review]]

[[Category:Oral Diseases - Cat]]

[[Category:Expert Review]]

[[Category:Oral Diseases - Dog]]