Changes

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

Nerves of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are composed of numerous bundles of nerve fibers that are surrounded by connective tissue. This connective tissue also contains a specific layer that is specialised to neurons; the [[PNS_Structure_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Structure|''peri-neurium'']]. The outer layer of this connective tissue is called the [[PNS_Structure_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Structure|''epineurium'']]; which surrounds both the perineurium and the nerve itself. Individual neurons found within each bundle are surrounded by the [[PNS_Structure_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Structure|''endoneurium'']].

Nerves of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are composed of numerous bundles of nerve fibers that are surrounded by connective tissue. This connective tissue also contains a specific layer that is specialised to neurons; the [[PNS Structure - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure|''peri-neurium'']]. The outer layer of this connective tissue is called the [[PNS Structure - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure|''epineurium'']] and it surrounds both the perineurium and the nerve itself. Individual neurons found within each bundle are surrounded by the [[PNS Structure - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure|''endoneurium'']].

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

Each nerve fibre that is visible on histologic section represents an axon which is surrounded by the ''neurilemma'' or as it is also known, the sheath of a [[PNS_Structure_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#The_Schwann_Cell|''Schwann cell'']]. However, depending on whether the cell is myelinated or unmyelinated, this layer may not be visible. Where present, the Schwann cell will be visible as as a dense layer immediately adjacent to the nerve fibre. This layer is then also immediately surrounded by the cytoplasm of the Schwann cell. The sheath and cytoplasm of the Schwann cell collectively form the neurilemma. Unmyelinated axons can often be seen running within small grooves of Schwann cells. Therefore even unmyelinated nerves retain some degree of myelin covering.

Each nerve fibre that is visible on histologic section represents an axon which is surrounded by the ''neurilemma'' or as it is also known, the sheath of a [[PNS Structure - Anatomy & Physiology#The Schwann Cell|''Schwann cell'']]. However, depending on whether the cell is myelinated or unmyelinated, this layer may not be visible. Where present, the Schwann cell will be visible as a dense layer immediately adjacent to the nerve fibre. This layer is then also immediately surrounded by the cytoplasm of the Schwann cell. The sheath and cytoplasm of the Schwann cell collectively form the neurilemma. Unmyelinated axons can often be seen running within small grooves of Schwann cells. Therefore even unmyelinated nerves retain some degree of myelin covering.

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

The information included on the page below is specifically to provide an insight into the histologic appearance of nerves within the PNS. Therefore knowledge of the terminology related to the anatomy and physiology of nerves is assumed and the [[PNS_Structure_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|PNS anatomy and physiology]] page should be reviewed to improve the understanding of the information provided below.

For more information see [[PNS Structure - Anatomy & Physiology|PNS anatomy and physiology]] page.

==Myelinated Nerves Cross-Section==

===Myelinated Nerves Cross-section===

[[Image:WIKIVETmyleinatednerveinsmallfibre.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Myelinated Nerve in Small Fibre - Copyright John Bredl]]

[[Image:WIKIVETmyleinatednerveinsmallfibre.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Myelinated Nerve in Small Fibre - Copyright John Bredl]]

This image shows a cross-sectional histology of a myelinated nerve fibre. The section clearly shows numerous bundles of nerve fibres which are slightly out of focus, but appear as the globular contents of the nerve.  

This image shows a cross-sectional histology of a myelinated nerve fibre. The section clearly shows numerous bundles of nerve fibres which are slightly out of focus, but appear as the globular contents of the nerve.  

<br />

<br />

The nerve as a whole is surrounded by a dense layer of connective tissue; the epineurium. This layer often contains visible blood vessels and it is likely that there are two such vessels found to the left and upper-left of the nerve. Fat cells (adipose tissue) are also found around the epineurium, although none are clearly visible in this image.  

The nerve as a whole is surrounded by a dense layer of connective tissue; the epineurium. This layer often contains visible blood vessels and it is likely that there are two such vessels found to the left and upper-left of the nerve. Fat cells (adipose tissue) are also found around the epineurium, although none are clearly visible in this image.  

<br />

<br />

===Myelinated Nerve Cross-section (with lipid stain)===

===Myelinated Nerve Cross-section (with lipid stain)===

[[Image:WIKIVETmyeinatednerveinsmallfibrelipdstained.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Myelinated Nerve in Small Fibre, Lipid Stained - Copyright John Bredl]]

[[Image:WIKIVETmyeinatednerveinsmallfibrelipdstained.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Myelinated Nerve in Small Fibre, Lipid Stained - Copyright John Bredl]]

A lipid stain highlights aspects within the histology that contain lipid. In this case the main lipid bearing tissue within a nerve is the fat contained within the myelin sheath, or Schwann cells. In comparison with the image above, this image is taken at a higher magnification and shows the bundles of nerve fibres in more detail.

A lipid stain highlights aspects within the histology that contain lipid. In this case the main lipid bearing tissue within a nerve is the fat contained within the myelin sheath, or Schwann cells. In comparison with the image above, this image is taken at a higher magnification and shows the bundles of nerve fibres in more detail.

<br />

<br />

The epineurium is less visible in this image due to the higher magnification but is effectively around the upper-right of the image. Several blood vessels can be seen within the connective tissue around the bundles (seen as small holes within the connective tissue). As was discussed in the image above, the epineurium is often surrounded by adipose tissue. Due to the type of stain used for this image, several adipocytes can be seen to the right of the image. Each nerve bundle is surrounded by the perineurium and this can be seen clearly.  

The epineurium is less visible in this image due to the higher magnification but is effectively around the upper-right of the image. Several blood vessels can be seen within the connective tissue around the bundles (seen as small holes within the connective tissue). As was discussed in the image above, the epineurium is often surrounded by adipose tissue. Due to the type of stain used for this image, several adipocytes can be seen to the right of the image. Each nerve bundle is surrounded by the perineurium and this can be seen clearly.  

<br />

<br />

Given the lipid stain, it is possible to distinguish the myelinated nerves from the unmyelinated nerves within each bundle. Therefore it is possible to say that a large proportion of the nerves are myelinated within each bundle. These myelinated nerves appear at this magnification with a characteristic ''donut'' shape which represents the axon in the centre (which contains no lipid) and the surrounding Schwann cell (containing lipid).

Given the lipid stain, it is possible to distinguish the myelinated nerves from the unmyelinated nerves within each bundle. Therefore itis possible to say that a large proportion of the nerves are myelinated within each bundle. These myleinated nerves appear at this magnification with a charactristic ''donut'' shape which represents the axon in the centre (which contains no lipid) and the surrounding Schwann cell (containing lipid).

===Myelinated Nerve Longitudinal section===

===Myelinated Nerve Longitudinal Section===

[[Image:WIKIVETmyelinatednervesinsmallfibreinlongittudinlsection.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Myelinated Nerve in Small Fibre, in Longitudinal Section - Copyright John Bredl]]

[[Image:WIKIVETmyelinatednervesinsmallfibreinlongittudinlsection.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Myelinated Nerve in Small Fibre, in Longitudinal Section - Copyright John Bredl]]

This image provides a longitudinal view of the edge of a nerve bundle. However, the image is not of sufficient quality to display a clear differentiation between the epineurium and perineurium. The epineurium is visible as the lighter strip at the base of the image.  

This image provides a longitudinal view of the edge of a nerve bundle. However, the image is not of sufficient quality to display a clear differentiation between the epineurium and perineurium. The epineurium is visible as the lighter strip at the base of the image.  

<br />

<br />

Within the nerve bundle itself, the individual nerve fibres have a characteristic 'wavy' appearance. There are also a number of nuclei visible within the image and these are nuclei belonging to Schwann cells or to cells found within the endoneurium. At this magnification it is possible to identify some elements of the nerves themselves. In some of the fibres it is possible to visualise a faint central tubular structure which represents the axon of the nerve. (One is visible in the 6th nerve down from the top of the image). The lighter brown element of each nerve represents the myelin sheath whilst the darker brown lines surrounding both side of each nerve represents the thin cytoplasm of the Schwann cell (neurilemma cell).

Within the nerve bundle itself, the individual nerve fibres have a characteristic 'wavy' appearance. There are also a number of nuclei visible within the image and these are nuclei belonging to Schwann cells or to cells found within the endoneurium. At this magnification it is possible to identify some elements of the nerves themselves. In some of the fibres it is possible to visualise a faint central tubular structure which represents the axon of the nerve. (One is visible in the 6th nerve down from the top of the image). The lighter brown element of each nerve represents the myelin sheath whilst the darker brown lines surrounding both side of each nerve represents the thin cytoplasm of the Schwann cell (neurilemma cell).

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

|}

|}

 

[[Category:To Do - Review]]

[[Category:To Do - Review]]