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Also Known As – Pop-eye - Exophthalmia
Also Known As – Pop-eye - Exophthalmia
Caused By – Many diseases and infections
Caused By – Many diseases and infections; see below
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
Exopthalmos or “pop-eye” in fish is the most common ophthalmic pathology and can be the result of many diseases, injuries and infections.
Exopthalmos or “pop-eye” in fish is the most common ophthalmic pathology and can be the result of many diseases, injuries and infections.
Potential causes include [[Trematodes - Overview|trematode]] infection when flukes reside subretinally, [[Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis]], [[Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis]], [[Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia]], ''Icthyosporidium'' infection, [[Tuberculosis]], [[Aeromonas species - Overview|''Aeromomas spp.'']] and [[Pseudomonas species - Overview|''Pseudomonas spp.'']] infections, [[Vibriosis - Fish|Vibriosis]], renal disease
Potential infectious causes include [[Trematodes - Overview|trematode]] infection when flukes reside subretinally, [[Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis]], , [[Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis]], [[Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia]], ''Icthyosporidium'' infection, [[Tuberculosis]], [[Aeromonas species - Overview|''Aeromomas spp.'']] and [[Pseudomonas species - Overview|''Pseudomonas spp.'']] infections, [[Vibriosis - Fish|Vibriosis]], [[Enteric Redmouth Disease]], [[Channel Catfish Virus]] and many more.
Non-infectious causes include [[Gas Bubble Disease]], renal disease and ammonia toxicity.
==Distribution==
==Distribution==
Global
==Signalment==
==Signalment==
Any type of fish, commercial or ornamental, can be affected.
==Clinical Signs==
==Clinical Signs==
The eye/s of affected fish appear to be larger and protruding from the skull.
The eye/s of affected fish appear to be larger and bulging/protruding from the head. Traumatic injury often occurs as a result. Removal of excess gas may resolve minor [[Gas Bubble Disease|gas bubble disease]] or movement to a different tank may allow recovery from ammonia toxicity.
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
Treatment is highly dependent upon the cause and may or may not exist.
==Control==
==Control==
Biosecurity and disease prevention protocols are imperative for control of infectious causes of exopthalmos. Traumatic injury can be prevented by environmental design.
{{Learning
{{Learning
==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references/>
Noga, E. J (2010) '''Fish Disease'''. Wiley & Sons. Various sections.
Ribelin, W. E (1975) '''Pathology of Fishes, Symposium Proc'''. Univ. Wisconsin. pp386-388.
Ribelin, W. E (1975) '''Pathology of Fishes, Symposium Proc'''. Univ. Wisconsin. pp386-388.
Roberts, H. E (2009) '''Fundamentals of Ornamental Fish Health''' Wiley & Sons. Various sections.
[[Category:To Do – Manson review]]
[[Category:To Do – Manson review]]