Changes

Along with the direct degradation of some elements within the phagolysosome, the process also causes acidification of the phagolysosome vesicles. The lowering of the pH then activates other enzymes within the phagosome. These include:     

Along with the direct degradation of some elements within the phagolysosome, the process also causes acidification of the phagolysosome vesicles. The lowering of the pH then activates other enzymes within the phagosome. These include:     

* Oxygen-independent proteolytic enzymes such as Defensins, Lysozyme, and cationic proteins

* Oxygen-independent proteolytic enzymes such as defensins, [[lysozyme]], and cationic proteins

* Antimicrobial elements such as lactoferrin

* Antimicrobial elements such as lactoferrin

   

   

To then complete the phagocytic process, microbes are then digested by a number of different catabolic enzymes:

To then complete the phagocytic process, microbes are then digested by a number of different catabolic enzymes:

* Glycosidases: Digest carbohydrates

* Glycosidases: digest carbohydrates

* Lipases: Digest lipids

* Lipases: digest lipids

* Proteases: Digest protein (an important example is cathepsin)

* Proteases: digest protein (an important example is cathepsin)

The waste products of phagocytosis are then either exocytosed or further degraded by the phagocyte.

The waste products of phagocytosis are then either exocytosed or further degraded by the phagocyte.

The main effector cells of this process are the [[neutrophils|neutrophils]] ([[Heterophils|heterophils]] in Birds and some Reptile and Mammalian species) and [[Macrophages|macrophages]] which recognise the pathogens, or with the case of macrophages, cells that have undergone apoptosis too. Phagocytic cells target pathogens by using cell membrane receptors ("Pathogen Recognition Receptors") that recognise intrinsically foreign components of microorganisms (pathogen-associated molecular patterns; PAMPs); or those that have been opsonised with either [[Complement|complement component C3bi]] or [[Immunoglobulins|antibodies]]; or with the case of cells that have undergone apoptosis, externalised phosphatidylserine (a phospholipid in the cell membrane).

The main effector cells of this process are the [[neutrophils|neutrophils]] ([[Heterophils|heterophils]] in birds and some reptile and mammalian species) and [[Macrophages|macrophages]] which recognise the pathogens, or with the case of macrophages, cells that have undergone apoptosis too. Phagocytic cells target pathogens by using cell membrane receptors ("Pathogen Recognition Receptors") that recognise intrinsically foreign components of microorganisms (pathogen-associated molecular patterns; PAMPs); or those that have been opsonised with either [[Complement|complement component C3bi]] or [[Immunoglobulins|antibodies]]; or with the case of cells that have undergone apoptosis, externalised phosphatidylserine (a phospholipid in the cell membrane).

   

   

==Links==

==Links==

*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8QoO71lt-M&context=C4a8ea38ADvjVQa1PpcFO3vYijexJH_LpjoWjuUy831e6skih3JQA= Phagocytosis in 4D (3D + Time)]

*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8QoO71lt-M&context=C4a8ea38ADvjVQa1PpcFO3vYijexJH_LpjoWjuUy831e6skih3JQA= Phagocytosis in 4D (3D + Time)]

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{{Jim Bee 2007}}

{{Jim Bee 2007}}

[[Category:Innate Immune System]]

[[Category:Innate Immune System]]