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→Bacterial toxic shock
*''S. aureus''- produces enterotoxins and toxic-shock syndrome toxin
*''S. aureus''- produces enterotoxins and toxic-shock syndrome toxin
*''M. arthritidis''
*''M. arthritidis''
The large number of T cells activated by such toxins (between 5-25% of all T cells, compared to less than 0.01% activated towards conventional antigens) means an excessive amount of cytokines produced, such as IL-1 and TNF. These elevated amounts cause the same systemic reactions as seen in bacterial septic shock.
*''S. pyogenes''
The large number of T cells activated by such toxins (between 5-25% of all T cells, compared to less than 0.01% activated towards conventional antigens) means an excessive amount of cytokines produced, such as IL-1 and TNF. These elevated amounts cause the same systemic reactions as seen in bacterial septic shock.
===Lymphoid and myeloid cancers===
===Lymphoid and myeloid cancers===
The excessive production of cytokines has been linked to some types of cancer, e.g. IL-6 has been shown to be secreted by myeloma cells, plasmacytoma cells and cervical and bladder cancer cells. IL-6 is known to act in an autocrine manner to stimulate cell proliferation.
The excessive production of cytokines has been linked to some types of cancer, e.g. IL-6 has been shown to be secreted by myeloma cells, plasmacytoma cells and cervical and bladder cancer cells. IL-6 is known to act in an autocrine manner to stimulate cell proliferation.